Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Total study population (n = 100) | Patients with HFpEF (n = 37) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 ± 12 | 58 ± 11 |
| Gender (male/female) (n) | 73/27 | 25/12 |
| HR (bpm) | 74 ± 15 | 77 ± 16 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 116 ± 26 | 135 ± 21 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71 ± 14 | 79 ± 11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 |
| NYHA class | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.5 |
| Diabetes (n) | 13 (13%) | 5 (14%) |
| Hypertension (n) | 25 (25%) | 15 (41%) |
| NT-proBNP (pmol/L) (n = 81) (n = 24) | 464 ± 612 | 115 ± 164 |
| Aetiology of heart failure | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease (n) | 47 (47%) | 22 (60%) |
| Dilated CM (n) | 34 (34%) | 0 |
| Hypertrophic CM (n) | 3 (3%) | 2 (5%) |
| CM from hypertension, diabetes, and other (n) | 16 (16%) | 13 (35%) |
| CPX parameters | ||
| Peak exercise (Watt) | 102 ± 62 | 136 ± 59 |
| Peak exercise (METs) | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 5.7 ± 2.0 |
| HR at peak exercise (bpm) | 125 ± 25 | 133 ± 20 |
| Systolic BP at peak exercise (mmHg) | 154 ± 49 | 187 ± 34 |
| Diastolic BP at peak exercise (mmHg) | 84 ± 30 | 92 ± 21 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 15.4 ± 6.3 | 20.1 ± 6.9 |
| VE/VCO2 (n = 76) | 30.7 ± 7.8 | 26.1 ± 4.0 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||
| LV ESV index (mL/m2) | 49 ± 44 | 14 ± 5 |
| LV EDD index (mm/m2) | 32 ± 7 | 26 ± 2 |
| LV EF (%) | 42 ± 19 | 62 ± 7 |
| LV GLS (%) | −11.9 ± 6.6 | −17.5 ± 3.2 |
| TAPSE (cm) | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.6 |
| RV S′ (cm/s) | 8.6 ± 3.3 | 9.4 ± 3.1 |
| Peak PASP (mmHg) | 38 ± 13 | 31 ± 10 |
| RV FAC (%) | 37 ± 14 | 48 ± 11 |
| RV strain (%) | −14.9 ± 6.5 | −22.8 ± 5.7 |
| E (cm/s) | 78 ± 28 | 72 ± 23 |
| E deceleration time (ms) | 206 ± 76 | 245 ± 75 |
| E/A ratio | 1.97 ± 1.30 | 1.53 ± 1.08 |
| e′ (cm/s) (n = 92) | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 2.0 |
| E/e′ (n = 92) | 17 ± 12 | 11 ± 5 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 28.1 ± 9.0 | 24.4 ± 7.4 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 56 ± 26 | 45 ± 22 |
A, late diastolic filling velocity; BMI, body mass index; BP, arterial blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CM, cardiomyopathy; CPX, cardiopulmonary exercise testing; E, peak early diastolic filling velocity; e′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity(septal); EDD, end diastolic diameter; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end systolic volume; FAC, fractional area change; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR, heart rate; LV, left ventricular; METs, metabolic equivalents; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; RV, right ventricular; S′, tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; VE/VCO2, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production; VO2, oxygen uptake.