Table 2.

Behavioral categories analyzed (in bold).

Abnormal

Appetitive: coprophagy, feces paint, regurgitate, urine drink

Locomotor stereotypes: bizarre posture, flip, floating limb, head toss, jump, pace, rock

Non-injurious self-directed: eye-poke, self-clasp, self-mouth

Overgroom: pluck hair from self, using hands or teeth; may include ingesting hair

Self-injurious: self-bite, self-slap (no self-wounding occurred during the study)

Anxiety-related

Body shake: rapid shaking of head and shoulders

Scratch: vigorous strokes of the hair

Self-groom: any picking, stroking and/or licking of one’s own body hair, including biting or chewing on nails

Yawn: monkey opens mouth wide, often exposing teeth

Affiliative

Contact affiliative: groom, rest in contact, social play, cling, mount, genital explore

Non-contact affiliative: attempt to touch, lip-smack, present

Agonistic

Contact aggression: moderate aggressive contact (pushing, pulling, grabbing, minor scratching), severe aggressive contact (biting with injury)

Non-contact aggression: bob, cage shake, cringe, crook tail, ear flick, fear grimace, flee, grab, jaw snap, lunge, open-mouth stare, rapid glances, rump present, stare, teeth grinding, attempt to bite

Enrichment-directed

Attack enrichment: bite or grab manipulable object (e.g. toy) in an aggressive manner

Display with enrichment: use manipulable object to threaten by shaking, throwing, etc.

Manual/oral enrichment manipulation: Touch, handle, forage, chew, lick, suck manipulable object

Inactive: passive, awake or asleep

Locomotion: walk, climb, jump