Table 4.
Hemodynamic, whole blood and clinical chemistry markers of health and safety
| dummyonly | Intervention | Comparison of change (p) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Change | Effect Size ( d ) | Within Groups | Group x Time | |
| Resting Heart Rate (beats/min) | ||||||
| PLA | 67.5 ± 8.4 | 66.8 ± 7.2 | −0.7 ± 6.3 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.81 |
| SD | 61.4 ± 7.4 | 60.1 ± 6.2 | −1.3 ± 6.2 | 0.19 | 0.45 | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| PLA | 133.3 ± 15.0 | 125.9 ± 12.3 | −7.4 ± 13.2 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.76 |
| SD | 129.6 ± 11.0 | 123.7 ± 10.2 | −5.9 ± 12.2 | 0.56 | 0.10 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| PLA | 81.5 ± 6.5 | 79.5 ± 6.6 | −1.9 ± 5.6 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.10 |
| SD | 80.0 ± 6.9 | 73.0 ± 9.6 | −7.1 ± 9.1 | 0.85 | 0.01* | |
| White Blood Cell Count (x106/UL) | ||||||
| PLA | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | −0.19 ± 1.4 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.55 |
| SD | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | −0.14 ± 1.4 | 0.08 | 0.73 | |
| Red Blood Cell Count (x106/UL) | ||||||
| PLA | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | −0.06 ± 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.83 |
| SD | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | −0.05 ± 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | |
| Hemoglobin (grams/dL) | ||||||
| PLA | 15.7 ± 1.0 | 15.5 ± 1.0 | −0.24 ± 0.6 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
| SD | 14.6 ± 0.9 | 14.7 ± 0.7 | −0.57 ± 0.6 | 0.12 | 0.72 | |
| Hematocrit (%) | 0.96 | |||||
| PLA | 46.0 ± 2.9 | 45.6 ± 2.9 | −0.45 ± 1.9 | 0.14 | 0.42 | |
| SD | 43.3 ± 1.7 | 42.8 ± 1.9 | −0.42 ± 0.9 | 0.28 | 0.10 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.10 | |||||
| PLA | 93.0 ± 5.7 | 87.1 ± 7.0 | −5.8 ± 7.1 | 0.90 | 0.01* | |
| SD | 88.9 ± 8.2 | 90.6 ± 11.4 | −1.9 ± 15.0 | 0.20 | 0.64 | |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | 0.35 | |||||
| PLA | 15.4 ± 3.7 | 15.1 ± 4.3 | −0.31 ± 2.4 | 0.07 | 0.65 | |
| SD | 18.7 ± 6.3 | 19.2 ± 6.4 | - 0.5 ± 2.0 | 0.08 | 0.37 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.28 | |||||
| PLA | 1.01 ± 0.17 | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 0.00 ± 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.76 | |
| SD | 1.08 ± 0.11 | 1.13 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |
| BUN:Creatinine | 0.57 | |||||
| PLA | 15.1 ± 2.6 | 14.7 ± 3.9 | −0.38 ± 2.1 | 0.12 | 0.52 | |
| SD | 17.2 ± 5.0 | 17.3 ± 6.1 | −0.07 ± 2.1 | 0.02 | 0.90 | |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 0.47 | |||||
| PLA | 139.5 ± 1.6 | 140.4 ± 1.2 | 0.92 ± 1.4 | 0.64 | 0.04* | |
| SD | 139.7 ± 1.5 | 140.1 ± 1.1 | 0.43 ± 2.0 | 0.30 | 0.44 | |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 0.14 | |||||
| PLA | 4.2 ± 0.26 | 4.5 ± 0.19 | 0.31 ± 0.36 | 1.18 | 0.01* | |
| SD | 4.3 ± 0.32 | 4.4 ± 0.34 | 0.11 ± 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.25 | |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 0.32 | |||||
| PLA | 102.3 ± 2.1 | 102.0 ± 1.1 | −0.31 ± 1.7 | 0.18 | 0.52 | |
| SD | 102.3 ± 1.9 | 101.4 ± 1.7 | −0.93 ± 1.5 | 0.50 | 0.04* | |
| Carbon Dioxide (mmol/L) | 0.11 | |||||
| PLA | 24.1 ± 1.4 | 24.5 ± 1.8 | 0.46 ± 1.8 | 0.25 | 0.36 | |
| SD | 24.8 ± 2.2 | 26.4 ± 2.0 | 1.57 ± 1.7 | 0.76 | 0.005* | |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 0.31 | |||||
| PLA | 9.63 ± 0.34 | 9.68 ± 0.39 | −0.05 ± 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.62 | |
| SD | 9.49 ± 0.31 | 9.39 ± 0.22 | −0.1 ± 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.37 | |
| Total Protein (g/L) | 0.69 | |||||
| PLA | 7.39 ± 0.34 | 7.08 ± 0.39 | −0.31 ± 0.36 | 0.85 | 0.01* | |
| SD | 6.96 ± 0.28 | 6.70 ± 0.28 | −0.26 ± 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.007* | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 0.72 | |||||
| PLA | 4.64 ± 0.30 | 4.65 ± 0.27 | −0.01 ± 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.91 | |
| SD | 4.60 ± 0.16 | 4.58 ± 0.14 | −0.02 ± 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.61 | |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 0.27 | |||||
| PLA | 2.75 ± 0.23 | 2.43 ± 0.26 | −0.32 ± 1.7 | 1.18 | <0.001* | |
| SD | 2.36 ± 0.26 | 2.12 ± 0.23 | −0.24 ± 0.19 | 1.18 | <0.001* | |
| Albumin: Globulin | 0.62 | |||||
| PLA | 1.70 ± 0.20 | 1.93 ± 0.24 | 0.23 ± 0.15 | 1.00 | <0.001* | |
| SD | 1.99 ± 0.25 | 2.19 ± 0.26 | 0.20 ± 0.17 | 0.67 | <0.001* | |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.94 | |||||
| PLA | 0.62 ± 0.25 | 0.60 ± 0.27 | −0.02 ± 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.67 | |
| SD | 0.65 ± 0.21 | 0.63 ± 0.31 | −0.02 ± 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.75 | |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L) | 0.89 | |||||
| PLA | 74.0 ± 22.6 | 74.2 ± 24.4 | 0.15 ± 12.2 | 0.01 | 0.96 | |
| SD | 67.1 ± 13.8 | 66.8 ± 14.8 | --0.4 ± 5.3 | 0.02 | 0.81 | |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase, AST (U/L) | 0.59 | |||||
| PLA | 25.9 ± 15.3 | 24.7 ± 13.6 | −1.23 ± 6.23 | 0.08 | 0.49 | |
| SD | 28.0 ± 10.2 | 27.8 ± 9.5 | −0.21 ± 2.83 | 0.02 | 0.78 | |
| Alanine Aminotransferase, ALT (U/L) | 0.66 | |||||
| PLA | 31.2 ± 16.9 | 29.0 ± 16.3 | −2.15 ± 7.6 | 0.13 | 0.33 | |
| SD | 27.3 ± 11.7 | 23.9 ± 8.8 | −3.4 ± 6.5 | 0.33 | 0.07 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.55 | |||||
| PLA | 186.2 ± 48.0 | 182.2 ± 46.2 | −3.9 ± 26.8 | 0.08 | 0.61 | |
| SD | 166.3 ± 40.6 | 157.3 ± 35.9 | −9.0 ± 15.9 | 0.23 | 0.053* | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.34 | |||||
| PLA | 116.0 ± 51.7 | 115.8 ± 78.7 | −0.23 ± 55.3 | 0.00 | 0.99 | |
| SD | 92.0 ± 84.3 | 71.8 ± 36.6 | −20.2 ± 50.6 | 0.31 | 0.16 | |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.36 | |||||
| PLA | 47.5 ± 9.4 | 47.2 ± 11.6 | −0.31 ± 6.0 | 0.03 | 0.86 | |
| SD | 53.1 ± 12.9 | 50.9 ± 10.5 | −2.21 ± 4.6 | 0.19 | 0.10 | |
| VLDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.33 | |||||
| PLA | 23.2 ± 10.3 | 23.2 ± 15.7 | 0.00 ± 11.2 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| SD | 18.4 ± 17.0 | 14.3 ± 7.3 | −4.14 ± 10.2 | 0.31 | 0.15 | |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.90 | |||||
| PLA | 115.5 ± 41.6 | 111.9 ± 40.5 | −3.62 ± 23.6 | 0.09 | 0.59 | |
| SD | 94.7 ± 31.4 | 92.1 ± 32.7 | −2.64 ± 14.4 | 0.08 | 0.51 | |
| Vitamin D (as 25(OH)D, ng/mL) | 0.46 | |||||
| PLA | 21.5 ± 5.2 | 23.3 ± 5.0 | 1.78 ± 3.94 | 0.35 | 0.13 | |
| SD | 35.1 ± 29.0 | 40.9 ± 45.4 | 3.95 ± 19.0 | 0.15 | 0.27 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | 0.64 | |||||
| PLA | 1.41 ± 0.90 | 1.19 ± 0.65 | −0.22 ± 0.6 | 0.25 | 0.19 | |
| SD | 1.46 ± 1.57 | 1.03 ± 1.11 | −0.43 ± 1.5 | 0.36 | 0.29 | |
Values are mean ± SD. *= Significant within group change via t-test.