Figure 6.

Casein hydrolysate exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB pathway activation through PPAR-γ dependent mechanisms. Phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was used as an index of NF-kB activation. (A) EC were treated with casein hydrolysate or troglitazone (25 μM) for 18 h and with or without GW9662 (10 μM), followed by 10 min stimulation with TNF-α (0.5 ng/ml). Phosphorylation of p65 was estimated by Western blotting experiments (20 μg of total proteins) and β-actin was used as loading control. (B) Protein levels (assessed as ratio of protein OD normalized to the OD of β-actin) were shown as percentage of control (TNF-α activated cell) (n = 3). Statistical comparison of one condition versus control was made by using Student’s unpaired t-test assuming unequal variance; $$$ (p < 0.001) vehicle vs control; **P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05 treatment vs control; ^##P < 0.01 treatment vs GW9662.