Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013 Dec;13(6):841–851. doi: 10.1586/14737167.2013.852959

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Measurement bias and response shift in measurement model used in the present study.

E: explanatory variables (e.g., depression, treatment strategies); A: latent factors (e.g., General Physical and General Mental); V: confounding variables (e.g., age; sex); X: observed variables (e.g., physical functioning; social functioning; mental health scale scores).

The double-headed arrow represents correlations between all E and V variables and/or correlations between all V variables and A. Dashed arrows represent measurement bias/response shift in measurement. Single-headed arrow represents direct effects of E on A or A on X.

Adapted with permission from Oort FJ, Visser MRM, Sprangers MAG. Formal definitions of measurement bias and explanation bias clarify measurement and conceptual perspectives on response shift. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1126–37.