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Monarch longevity in days for adults heavily infected with OE. Shorter longevity indicates higher parasite virulence. Averages for parasite clones are shown, representing three sources: (a) summer-breeding sites, 17 clones; (b) Mexico overwintering sites, 20 clones; and (c) winter-breeding sites, 20 clones. Origins of parasite isolates are noted in electronic supplementary material. Error bars represent standard error.
