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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng. 2014;5:455–477. doi: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060713-035958

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Single-cell analysis of cellular responses using microwell-based systems. (a) An artificial microenvironment inside microwells was created to activate specific receptors on the surface of T helper (Th) cells by using supported lipid bilayers presenting ligands to mimic antigen-presenting cells. (b) The study of cell-cell interactions can be achieved by spatially isolating the cells to track behavior by microscopy and functional responses (i.e., cytokine secretion) by microengraving. In these examples, cytotoxic killing of target cells by natural killer cells was followed by labeling of dead cells with a fluorescent probe that binds to DNA when the plasma membrane has been compromised by apoptosis. Adapted from References 118 and 132 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.