Table 1.
References | Brain area | Task | Filter used for noise removal | Features | Classifier | Classification accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coyle et al., 2004 | Motor cortex | Motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO | Threshold-based | 75 |
Sitaram et al., 2007 | Motor cortex | Motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean of ΔHbO and ΔHbR for all channels | SVM and HMM | 73 (SVM) |
89 (HMM) | ||||||
Naito et al., 2007 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic, music imagery and landscape imagery | Low-pass | Amplitude of light intensity | QDA | 80 |
Coyle et al., 2007 | Motor cortex | Motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO | Threshold-based | 80 |
Luu and Chau, 2009 | Prefrontal cortex | Neural correlates of subjective preference | Low-pass | Mean amplitude of light-intensity signals | LDA | 80 |
Tai and Chau, 2009 | Prefrontal cortex | Emotion rehearsal associated with images | Least-mean square adaptive filter | Mean, variance, zero crossing, root mean square, skewness and kurtosis of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | LDA and SVM | 96.6 (LDA) |
94.6 (SVM) | ||||||
Power et al., 2010 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic/Music imagery | Low-pass/Wavelet filter | Mean values of light intensity | HMM | 77.2 |
Cui et al., 2010b | Motor cortex | Finger tapping | Exponential moving average filter | Amplitude, history, history gradient and 2nd order gradient of ΔHbO and ΔHbR, spatial patterns | SVM | >80 (spatial patterns) |
Abibullaev et al., 2011 | Prefrontal cortex | Object rotation, verbal fluency and mental arithmetic | Wavelet filter | Mean, power, standard deviation etc. of the filter coefficients from wavelet transform | ANN | > 94 |
Falk et al., 2011* | Prefrontal cortex | Music imagery | Low-pass | ΔHbO and ΔHbR values after wavelet transform | HMM | 83 |
Holper and Wolf, 2011 | Motor cortex | Motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of ΔHbO | LDA | 81 |
Tanaka and Katura, 2011 | Prefrontal and Visual cortex | Change-detection task | Moving average/ Band-select | ΔHbO and ΔHbR values from single, two and three channels | SVM | 77 |
Bauernfeind et al., 2011 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic | High-pass | Antagonistic ΔHbO signals | LDA | 79.7 |
Power et al., 2011 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic/Mental singing | Low-pass | Slope of light-intensity signals | LDA | 71.2 (mental arithmetic) |
62.7 (mental singing) | ||||||
Chan et al., 2012 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental singing | Low-pass | ΔHbO and ΔHbR signals from selected channels | ANN and HMM | 63 (ANN) |
55.7 (HMM) | ||||||
Fazli et al., 2012** | Motor cortex | Motor execution and motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR and band power of Laplacian filtered EEG data | LDA | 92.6 (EEG+HbR for motor execution) |
83.1 (EEG+HbR for motor imagery) | ||||||
Seo et al., 2012 | Motor cortex | Finger tapping | Moving average/band-pass | Raw ΔHbO values at three time points | PLSDA and HMM | 90.2 (PLSDA) |
85.7 (HMM) | ||||||
Hu et al., 2012 | Prefrontal cortex | Deception | Band-pass | Absolute values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | SVM | 83.4 |
Power et al., 2012b | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic | Low-pass | Signal slope | LDA | 72.6 |
Moghimi et al., 2012 | Prefrontal cortex | Emotionally rated music listening | Low-pass | Mean and difference between signal and noise of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | LDA | 71.9 |
Abibullaev and An, 2012 | Prefrontal cortex | Object rotation, letter padding and multiplication | Wavelet filter | Filter coefficients from wavelet transform | ANN, LDA and SVM | >75 (ANN) |
>85 (LDA) | ||||||
>90 (SVM) | ||||||
Liu et al., 2013 | Prefrontal cortex | Neural correlation of visual stimulus | Band-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR and EEG amplitudes | Step-wise LDA | >90 |
Power and Chau, 2013 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic | Low-pass | Signal slope of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | LDA | 71.1 |
Stangl et al., 2013 | Motor cortex, prefrontal cortex | Motor imagery, mental arithmetic | Moving average | Amplitude of ΔHbO | LDA | 65 |
Zimmermann et al., 2013* | Motor cortex | Motor execution | Band-pass | Combination of ΔHbO and ΔHbR and biosignals belonging to same location and same time | HMM | 88.5 |
Naseer and Hong, 2013 | Motor cortex | Motor imagery | Low-pass | Mean and slope values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR in several temporal windows | LDA | 77.5 (mean value) |
87.2 (signal slope) | ||||||
Faress and Chau, 2013*** | Prefrontal cortex | Verbal fluency | Low-pass | Slope of HbO, HbR and HbT | LDA | 86 |
Hai et al., 2013 | Motor cortex | Hand tapping | Savitzky-Golay | Signal values after polynomial regression | SVM and ANN | 79.1 (SVM) |
83.3 (ANN) | ||||||
Schudlo and Chau, 2014 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic | Low-pass | Slope of ΔHbO, ΔHbR and ΔHbT in 3 different time windows | LDA | 77.4 |
Naseer et al., 2014 | Prefrontal cortex | Mental arithmetic | Low-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | LDA and SVM | 74.2 (LDA) |
82.1 (SVM) | ||||||
Khan et al., 2014** | Motor cortex, prefrontal cortex | Motor execution, mental counting and mental arithmetic | Band-pass | Mean values of ΔHbO and ΔHbR | LDA | >80 |
Shin and Jeong, 2014 | Motor cortex | Motor execution | Band-pass and Savitzky-Golay | Mean, amplitude, slope, delay, variance and median | Naïve Bayes classifier | 95.5 (binary) |
92.4 (ternary) | ||||||
91.5 (quaternary) | ||||||
Hwang et al., 2014 | Motor cortex, Prefrontal cortex | Motor Imagery, mental singing, mental arithmetic, mental rotation and mental character writing | Band-pass | Mean values of HbO, HbR and HbT | LDA | >70 (mental arithmetic and mental rotation) |
Hong et al., 2015 | Motor cortex, prefrontal cortex | Motor imagery, mental arithmetic | Band-pass | Mean and slope of HbO | Multi-class LDA | > 75 |
For classification purpose, they also used some additional features from ECG, respiration, blood pressure, skin conductance response, etc.
They used combined fNIRS and EEG modalities for brain signal acquisition.
This study used additional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography signals together with fNIRS signals.