Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Clinical Measurements | Echocardiographic Measurements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Women (n=405) | Men (n=388) | P Value | Characteristic | Women (n=405) | Men (n=388) | P Value |
| Anthropometrics | Conventional echocardiography | ||||||
| Age, y | 51.8±15.3 | 50.0±15.7 | 0.09 | LA volume index, mL/m2 | 21.8±5.98 | 24.0±6.32 | <0.0001 |
| Height, cm | 162.5±6.9 | 175.4±7.2 | <0.0001 | LV internal diameter, cm | 4.83±0.39 | 5.25±0.52 | <0.0001 |
| Weight, kg | 69.7±13.9 | 81.9±12.1 | <0.0001 | Interventricular septum, cm | 0.93±0.15 | 1.04±0.17 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.3±4.7 | 26.6±3.71 | 0.33 | Posterior wall, cm | 0.85±0.13 | 0.95±0.14 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.1±12.4 | 94.3±10.6 | <0.0001 | Relative wall thickness | 0.37±0.06 | 0.38±0.07 | 0.009 |
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 127.9±19.3 | 130.8±15.4 | 0.02 | LV mass index, g/m2 | 85.0±19.5 | 100.3±21.9 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 77.8±9.0 | 81.6±9.6 | <0.0001 | LVD volume index, mL/m2 | 48.0±8.65 | 58.2±10.7 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 62.7±9.2 | 59.1±9.8 | <0.0001 | LVS volume index, mL/m2 | 17.6±4.34 | 22.2±5.46 | <0.0001 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 64.2±6.4 | 62.4±6.8 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Questionnaire data | Doppler data | ||||||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 82 (20.3) | 83 (21.4) | 0.07 | E peak, cm/s | 78.8±15.7 | 71.8±15.8 | <0.0001 |
| Drinking alcohol, n (%) | 85 (21.0) | 230 (59.3) | <0.0001 | A peak, cm/s | 68.8±17.4 | 60.8±16.5 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 159 (39.3) | 168 (43.3) | 0.25 | E/A ratio | 1.23±0.44 | 1.29±0.42 | 0.08 |
| Treated for hypertension, n (%) | 107 (26.4) | 93 (24.0) | 0.43 | s' peak*, cm/s | 8.63±1.37 | 9.49±1.42 | <0.0001 |
| History of CHD, n (%) | 9 (2.22) | 16 (4.12) | 0.13 | e' peak*, cm/s | 11.3±3.55 | 11.5±3.76 | 0.44 |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 16 (3.95) | 11 (2.48) | 0.39 | a' peak*, cm/s | 9.89±1.98 | 10.3±2.19 | 0.004 |
| Biochemical data | e'/a' ratio* | 1.25±0.62 | 1.24±0.68 | 0.91 | |||
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 76.7±12.6 | 91.6±15.2 | <0.0001 | E/e' ratio | 7.51±2.35 | 6.65±1.88 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.4±0.98 | 5.1±0.95 | <0.0001 | IVRT, ms | 96.6±15.9 | 98.9±17.2 | 0.06 |
| NT‐proBNP, pmol/L | 218 (106 to 488) | 192 (90 to 394) | <0.0001 | ∆(Adur‐ARdur), ms | 0.38±12.4 | 0.96±11.5 | 0.51 |
Values are mean (±SD), number of subjects (%) or geometric mean (10% to 90% percentile interval). Adur indicates mitral inflow A‐wave duration; ARdur, pulmonary vein reversal flow duration; CHD, coronary heart disease; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVD, left ventricular diastolic; LVS, left ventricular systolic; NT‐proBNP, amino terminal pro‐BNP.
*
Averaged of septum, lateral, inferior and posterior mitral annulus sites.