Table 4.
Age‐ and Multivariable‐Adjusted Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Development of Paroxysmal Versus Nonparoxysmal AF According to Baseline Levels of Biomarkers Among 25 007 Women Who Donated Blood Samples
| Risk Factor | Paroxysmal AF (N=530) | P Value | Nonparoxysmal AF (N= 277) | P Value | P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c * | |||||
| Age‐adjusted model | |||||
| 4.84% to <5.00% | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.15) | 0.38 | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.91) | 0.21 | |
| >5.00% to 5.19% | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.30) | 0.87 | 1.44 (0.98 to 2.10) | 0.06 | |
| >5.19% | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.44 | 1.74 (1.20 to 2.50) | 0.003 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 0.01 | ||||
| 4.84% to <5.00% | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.14) | 0.32 | 1.27 (0.84 to 1.90) | 0.26 | |
| >5.00% to 5.19% | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.23) | 0.73 | 1.39 (0.94 to 2.06) | 0.10 | |
| >5.19% | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.01) | 0.06 | 1.47 (1.00 to 2.18) | 0.05 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | |||||
| 4.84% to <5.00% | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) | 0.42 | 1.30 (0.85 to 1.97) | 0.22 | 0.01 |
| >5.00% to 5.19% | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.27) | 0.93 | 1.43 (0.96 to 2.15) | 0.08 | |
| >5.19% | 0.76 (0.58 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 1.48 (0.98 to 2.22) | 0.06 | |
| GFR, <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | |||||
| Age‐adjusted model | 1.08 (0.74 to 1.57) | 0.69 | 1.57 (1.02 to 2.42) | 0.04 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.78) | 0.35 | 1.56 (0.99 to 2.47) | 0.06 | 0.40 |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.60) | 0.84 | 1.31 (0.79 to 2.17) | 0.29 | 0.51 |
| Inflammation score * | |||||
| Age‐adjusted model | |||||
| 1 | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.58) | 0.04 | 1.33 (0.97 to 1.83) | 0.07 | |
| 2 | 1.49 (1.17 to 1.89) | 0.001 | 1.61 (1.15 to 2.24) | 0.01 | |
| 3 | 1.87 (1.41 to 2.47) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.24 to 2.74) | 0.003 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 0.27 | ||||
| 1 | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.47) | 0.18 | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.59) | 0.38 | |
| 2 | 1.31 (1.02 to 1.70) | 0.04 | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.63) | 0.47 | |
| 3 | 1.51 (1.11 to 2.07) | 0.009 | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.78) | 0.56 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | 0.28 | ||||
| 1 | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.55) | 0.09 | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.61) | 0.39 | |
| 2 | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.71) | 0.05 | 1.16 (0.80 to 1.68) | 0.42 | |
| 3 | 1.51 (1.09 to 2.10) | 0.01 | 1.10 (0.69 to 1.75) | 0.79 | |
| Lipids | |||||
| HDL, mg/dL | |||||
| Age‐adjusted model | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) | 0.12 | 0.91 (0.67 to 1.24) | 0.57 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.35) | 0.74 | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.63) | 0.43 | 0.66 |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.40) | 0.59 | 1.19 (0.83 to 1.71) | 0.34 | 0.65 |
| LDL, mg/dL | |||||
| Age‐adjusted | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96) | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) | 0.94 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.06) | 0.25 | 0.29 |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | 0.82 (0.74 to 0.92) | 0.001 | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10) | 0.41 | 0.19 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | |||||
| Age‐adjusted model | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.15) | 0.12 | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 0.89 | |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 1* | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 0.74 | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.03) | 0.14 | 0.15 |
| Multivariable‐adjusted model 2* | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 0.68 | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.05) | 0.20 | 0.18 |
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
P values from likelihood ratio tests of the null hypothesis that a risk factor has an equal effect on development of paroxysmal vs nonparoxysmal AF based on trend.
Hazard ratios are for categories; however, likelihood ratio tests are based on comparison of models that use continuous trend values.
Model 1: additionally adjusted for aspirin, vitamin E, beta‐carotene, body mass index, hypertension, cholesterol, alcohol consumption, smoking and exercise, inflammation score, HBA1c, GFR, and lipids assessed at baseline (n=24 392 women due to missing data in the blood cohort).
Model 2: censored for interim myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and heart failure (n=24 392 women due to missing data in the blood cohort).