Table 1.
Characteristics* | Cases (N=466) | Controls (N=470) | P Value* |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y* | 59.5±6.6 | 59.4±6.6 | 0.88 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4±5.2 | 25.2±4.3 | 0.0001 |
Physical activity, MET‐h/wk | 16.8±17.8 | 18.1±17.1 | 0.29 |
Alternate Healthy Eating Index score | 37.8±8.1 | 38.4±8.7 | 0.31 |
Alcohol, g/day | 5.5±8.8 | 6.8±9.7 | 0.03 |
Smoking status, %* | 0.85 | ||
Current smoker | 25.3 | 24.1 | |
Former smoker | 37.8 | 38.3 | |
Never smoked | 36.9 | 37.7 | |
Medical history | |||
Diabetes, % | 13.7 | 5.1 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension, % | 48.3 | 26.2 | <0.0001 |
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 53.2 | 40.6 | 0.0001 |
Parental MI before age 65 years, % | 32.2 | 19.6 | <0.0001 |
Fasting status, %* | 70.6 | 70.4 | 0.95 |
Postmenopausal status, % | 0.52 | ||
Pre‐menopause | 11.2 | 13.2 | |
Post‐menopause, current hormone users | 35.8 | 38.5 | |
Post‐menopause, past hormone users | 18.2 | 16.4 | |
Post‐menopause, never used hormone | 34.8 | 31.9 | |
Use of aspirin, % | 60.5 | 63.8 | 0.30 |
Biomarkers* | |||
Fetuin‐A, μg/mL | 457.0±108.3 | 455.4±119.4 | 0.83 |
TC, mg/dL | 232.8±41.8 | 228.2±42.8 | 0.10 |
LDL‐C, mg/dL | 143.7±38.4 | 137.6±39.3 | 0.02 |
HDL‐C, mg/dL | 52.9±15.2 | 59.4±16.5 | <0.0001 |
TG, mg/dL | 142.5±84.7 | 118.5±62.9 | <0.0001 |
hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.48±0.77 | 0.30±0.44 | <0.0001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.9±1.4 | 5.5±0.6 | <0.0001 |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 8.1±4.0 | 9.2±3.8 | <0.0001 |
HbA1c indicates hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET‐hr, metabolic equivalent‐hours; MI, myocardial infarction; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triacylglycerol.
Plus‐minus values are mean±standard deviation. Percentages are based on nonmissing data.
P value estimates are based on Student t test for variables expressed as mean±standard deviation or Pearson χ2 test for variables expressed as percentages.
Matching factors.
Data of hsCRP were missing for 20 participants, and this figure was 12 for TC and HDL‐C, 22 for LDL‐C, 60 for fasting TG, 14 for adiponectin, and 146 for HbA1c.