Table 2.

Temporal Trends in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Incidence Rate/10 000 Live Births

	n	Overall	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	P trend
Overall	34 219	10.3	8.5	8.8	9.4	10.3	10.1	11.8	12.2	11.8	<0.001
Age, y
15 to 19	1713	5.3	5.1	4.4	5.4	5.7	4.2	5.0	8.0	4.5	0.407
20 to 29	14 506	8.3	6.8	7.5	7.3	8.7	8.5	9.8	8.6	9.6	<0.001
30 to 39	14 683	12.7	10.2	10.5	11.9	12.4	12.2	14.7	16.2	13.9	<0.001
40 to 54	3316	36.7	31.4	29.0	35.2	33.8	37.8	37.4	43.0	45.1	<0.001
Census region
Northeast	4964	9.3	8.0	6.5	6.7	9.4	9.8	10.8	14.0	9.3	0.002
Midwest	7478	10.7	8.1	9.1	9.3	11.1	9.9	14.4	11.7	11.8	<0.001
South	16 410	13.1	11.1	11.2	13.3	12.7	12.6	13.8	14.7	15.5	<0.001
West	5366	6.5	5.1	6.4	5.2	6.7	6.6	6.9	7.7	7.6	<0.001
Co‐morbidities
Chronic HTN
Yes	10 380	267.5	219.7	215.6	228.4	281.4	273.3	315.6	283.2	295.7	<0.001
No	23 839	7.3	6.4	6.7	7.0	7.3	7.0	7.9	8.6	7.7	<0.001
Pregnancy‐associated HTN
Yes	1346	10.1	11.0	9.6	10.6	10.3	7.7	10.6	10.4	10.5	0.937
No	32 873	10.4	8.4	8.8	9.4	10.4	10.3	11.9	12.4	11.9	<0.001
Eclampsia
Yes	501	59.6	63.0	56.7	45.3	32.5	65.1	109.1	39.6	64.9	0.574
No	33 719	12.0	9.7	9.8	10.5	11.7	12.2	14.0	14.8	14.3	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	2698	18.2	16.5	12.5	15.8	18.5	18.2	22.2	18.3	21.3	<0.001
No	31 521	10.0	8.2	8.7	9.1	10.0	9.8	11.3	12.0	11.3	<0.001
Tobacco use
Yes	2722	14.5	10.2	17.7	20.0	13.3	11.5	18.0	16.0	11.2	0.830
No	31 496	18.2	13.0	15.7	18.4	23.1	20.2	22.3	19.4	16.0	0.185
Multiparity
Yes	115	0.06	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.08	0.210
No	34 104	25.8	21.3	22.2	23.6	25.7	25.1	29.2	30.5	29.4	<0.001
Multiple gestation
Yes	701	6.2	6.2	6.3	5.4	6.6	8.1	7.4	5.3	4.2	0.257
No	33 518	10.5	8.5	8.9	9.5	10.4	10.2	11.9	12.5	12.0	<0.001

“n” indicates the number of discharges across all years. The numbers are weighted to reflect PPCM cases in the entire United States population. HTN indicates hypertension.