Table 4.
Baseline Demographics, Hospital Characteristics and Co‐Morbidities of Patients With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
| Variable | Overall | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | P trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases (weighted) | 34 219 | 3475 | 3635 | 3998 | 4442 | 4281 | 4850 | 4886 | 4652 | — |
| Age, y | 30.3±7.0 | 30.1±7.0 | 29.9±7.0 | 30.3±7.1 | 29.9±7.0 | 30.2±7.1 | 30.4±6.8 | 30.6±7.1 | 30.8±7.1 | <0.001 |
| 15 to 19 | 5.0% | 6.1% | 5.0% | 5.9% | 5.7% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 6.0% | 3.2% | |
| 20 to 29 | 42.4% | 41.6% | 44.6% | 41.2% | 45.0% | 44.5% | 43.9% | 36.7% | 42.3% | |
| 30 to 39 | 42.9% | 42.3% | 41.6% | 43.0% | 40.8% | 41.1% | 43.2% | 47.2% | 43.2% | |
| 40 to 54 | 9.7% | 9.9% | 8.9% | 9.9% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 8.8% | 10.1% | 11.3% | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Caucasian | 33.8% | 34.3% | 36.5% | 30.7% | 30.0% | 33.8% | 33.0% | 36.7% | 35.2% | |
| African–American | 32.0% | 26.3% | 22.0% | 24.4% | 27.9% | 31.2% | 35.5% | 39.2% | 44.0% | |
| Hispanic | 8.2% | 7.9% | 10.3% | 8.3% | 8.6% | 8.1% | 7.1% | 8.2% | 7.7% | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 1.6% | |
| Native American | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 1.0% | |
| Other | 2.2% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 2.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | |
| Unknown/missing | 21.4% | 26.4% | 28.1% | 33.1% | 29.3% | 23.3% | 19.2% | 9.7% | 7.5% | |
| Primary expected payer | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Medicare | 6.4% | 8.3% | 3.6% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 5.7% | 6.5% | 6.5% | 9.4% | |
| Medicaid | 48.1% | 43.6% | 46.8% | 46.9% | 48.9% | 48.0% | 49.5% | 51.3% | 48.0% | |
| Private insurance | 38.4% | 43.4% | 42.4% | 38.9% | 37.9% | 38.1% | 37.7% | 35.5% | 35.3% | |
| Uninsured | 4.1% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 5.0% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 4.5% | 3.9% | |
| Other | 3.1% | 1.9% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 3.4% | |
| Median household income | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 0 to 25th percentile | 38.6% | 36.1% | 33.7% | 37.8% | 39.1% | 38.9% | 37.3% | 43.1% | 40.7% | |
| 26th to 50th percentile | 24.1% | 23.8% | 23.7% | 25.6% | 24.0% | 26.4% | 26.1% | 21.0% | 22.8% | |
| 51st to 75th percentile | 21.7% | 21.0% | 25.5% | 21.1% | 21.8% | 20.9% | 21.4% | 20.6% | 22.2% | |
| 76th to 100th percentile | 15.5% | 19.2% | 17.1% | 15.5% | 15.2% | 13.8% | 15.2% | 15.3% | 14.2% | |
| Weekend admission | 22.6% | 22.2% | 23.9% | 21.8% | 22.2% | 22.3% | 22.0% | 21.1% | 25.5% | 0.153 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||||
| Region | 0.001 | |||||||||
| Northeast | 14.5% | 15.7% | 12.0% | 11.4% | 14.5% | 15.4% | 14.7% | 18.6% | 12.9% | |
| Midwest | 21.9% | 20.8% | 22.2% | 21.1% | 22.5% | 20.7% | 25.8% | 20.1% | 21.2% | |
| South | 48.0% | 48.6% | 47.5% | 53.6% | 46.7% | 47.5% | 45.0% | 45.7% | 50.1% | |
| West | 15.7% | 14.9% | 18.2% | 13.9% | 16.3% | 16.4% | 14.5% | 15.6% | 15.8% | |
| Bed size | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Small | 7.2% | 8.4% | 8.5% | 8.2% | 8.1% | 6.6% | 6.5% | 4.5% | 7.5% | |
| Medium | 22.5% | 22.7% | 25.5% | 24.7% | 25.3% | 23.4% | 19.0% | 21.7% | 18.6% | |
| Large | 70.4% | 68.9% | 66.0% | 67.1% | 66.6% | 70.0% | 74.5% | 73.8% | 73.9% | |
| Urban location | 92.3% | 92.0% | 89.8% | 91.7% | 92.0% | 92.5% | 93.8% | 90.9% | 94.8% | <0.001 |
| Teaching hospital | 60.1% | 58.1% | 50.7% | 58.5% | 58.6% | 62.8% | 65.0% | 58.9% | 65.7% | <0.001 |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||||||||
| Chronic HTN | 30.3% | 24.9% | 25.3% | 26.3% | 29.9% | 32.0% | 33.9% | 31.3% | 35.9% | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.9% | 7.0% | 5.5% | 7.1% | 8.0% | 8.2% | 9.0% | 7.6% | 9.9% | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | 8.0% | 8.2% | 11.9% | 10.7% | 6.3% | 5.8% | 7.7% | 7.7% | 6.4% | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4.3% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 4.5% | 5.6% | 5.3% | 5.8% | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.2% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.1% | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.080 |
| Anemia | 30.5% | 26.2% | 31.7% | 27.6% | 27.9% | 28.1% | 33.0% | 33.9% | 34.0% | <0.001 |
| RA/collagen vascular diseases | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 11.6% | 9.1% | 10.7% | 10.0% | 10.5% | 13.3% | 11.2% | 11.8% | 15.2% | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 3.5% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 4.6% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.3% | <0.001 |
| Depression | 6.6% | 5.4% | 5.4% | 6.5% | 7.2% | 6.6% | 6.2% | 7.1% | 7.5% | <0.001 |
| Drug abuse | 4.4% | 3.6% | 2.4% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 3.9% | 4.5% | 4.9% | 5.9% | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 3.5% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 4.9% | 3.3% | 4.1% | 5.5% | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.180 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 21.3% | 18.9% | 18.3% | 18.3% | 20.8% | 20.0% | 24.3% | 22.7% | 25.2% | <0.001 |
| Other neurological disorders | 2.2% | 1.7% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.8% | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 13.9% | 10.6% | 9.2% | 10.2% | 13.8% | 13.9% | 15.1% | 14.8% | 21.1% | <0.001 |
| Paralysis | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.009 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.001 |
| Psychoses | 2.5% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 3.5% | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 5.8% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 5.3% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 6.2% | 7.0% | 8.3% | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.3% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 3.0% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 4.5% | 3.4% | 4.9% | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy‐associated HTN | 3.9% | 4.9% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 3.9% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 0.002 |
| Pre‐eclampsia | 11.3% | 11.8% | 12.4% | 11.1% | 12.4% | 12.1% | 9.9% | 12.3% | 8.9% | <0.001 |
| Eclampsia | 1.5% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.127 |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.747 |
| Multiparity | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.905 |
| Multiple gestation | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.2% | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables. Numbers indicate weighted results. HTN indicates hypertension; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.