Table 1.
GVHD-related PAMPs and DAMPs along with their signaling pathways and effects in GVHD.
| Signaling pathway | Effect | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAMPs | Lipopolysaccharide | TLR4/MyD88 or TRIF | Aggravation | (133) |
| TLR7 ligand (3M-011) | TLR7/MyD88 | Aggravation | (134) | |
| Flagellin | TLR5/MyD88 | Reduction (mouse) | (135) | |
| Intestinal microflora | TLR/MyD88 | Aggravation (translocation) | (136, 137) | |
| Peptidoglycan | TLR2/MyD88 or NOD1 | Not yet studied | (138, 139) | |
| DAMPs | ATP | NOD2 | Aggravation | (126) |
| S100 proteins | NOD2 | Aggravation | (48, 49) | |
| HMGB-1 | TLR2/4/MyD88 | Aggravation | (37) | |
| Reg III proteins | IL-22/IL-17/IL-1 family | Marker of intestinal GVHD | (104, 105) | |
| HSP | CD14/TLR4/MyD88 | Aggravation | (112) | |
| Heparan sulfate | TLR4/MyD88 | Aggravation | (120) | |
| Uric acid | NOD2/NLRP3 | Aggravation | (129) | |
| Elafin | NF-κB | Marker of skin GVHD | (60) | |
| Defensins | Secreted | Protection | (67) | |
| sST2 (IL-33r) | MyD88 | Marker of treatment refractory GVHD | (140) |