Table 4. Baseline data and response to behavioral intervention by employment pattern.
| Men |
Women |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployed | Employed | P | Unemployed | Employed | P | ||
| Number | 32 | 59 | 162 | 105 | |||
| Age (years) | 64.5 ± 4.4 | 51.8 ± 8.5 | <0.001 | 59.1 ± 6.9 | 51.8 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | |
| Purpose of participation | |||||||
| Weight-loss | 78.1% | 83.1% | NS | 84.6% | 82.9% | NS | |
| Improvement of metabolic disorders | 18.8% | 13.6% | 14.8% | 16.2% | |||
| Others | 3.1% | 3.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | |||
| Baseline | Body weight (kg) | 70.1 ± 8.7 | 74.5 ± 11.3 | NS | 59.5 ± 8.5 | 58.4 ± 7.9 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 2.4 | 26.3 ± 3.6 | NS | 25.3 ± 3.0 | 24.2 ± 3.0 | 0.016 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.9 ± 6.9 | 90.1 ± 9.6 | NS | 81.2 ± 9.5 | 77.1 ± 9.3 | 0.001 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/bw) | 2295 ± 587 | 2269 ± 446 | NS | 1936 ± 407 | 1962 ± 369 | NS | |
| Protein (g) | 77 ± 21 | 76 ± 18 | NS | 69 ± 18 | 71 ± 15 | NS | |
| Lipid (g/day) | 58 ± 26 | 60 ± 18 | NS | 55 ± 17 | 60 ± 19 | 0.026 | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 323 ± 104 | 301 ± 77 | NS | 287 ± 71 | 278 ± 58 | NS | |
| Alcohol (kcal) | 189 ± 194 | 234 ± 210 | NS | 26 ± 47 | 36 ± 55 | NS | |
| Energy expenditure (kcal) | 2367 ± 571 | 2376 ± 649 | NS | 1841 ± 426 | 1816 ± 428 | NS | |
| Response | Body weight (kg) | –2.5 ± 1.7 | –1.6 ± 2.2 | 0.038 | –1.7 ± 2.0 | –1.4 ± 1.9 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | –0.92 ± 0.59 | –0.55 ± 0.77 | 0.021 | –0.71 ± 0.84 | –0.57 ± 0.88 | NS | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | –3.4 ± 2.6 | –1.9 ± 3.3 | 0.023 | –2.5 ± 3.1 | –2.0 ± 3.0 | NS | |
| Energy intake (kcal/bw) | –388 ± 508 | –385 ± 340 | NS | –252 ± 369 | –270 ± 362 | NS | |
| Protein (g) | –8 ± 17 | –8 ± 14 | NS | –5 ± 17 | –6 ± 14 | NS | |
| Lipid (g/day) | –13 ± 21 | –13 ± 16 | NS | –10 ± 16 | –11 ± 18 | NS | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | –48 ± 86 | –45 ± 51 | NS | –34 ± 63 | –32 ± 56 | NS | |
| Alcohol (kcal) | –50 ± 126 | –55 ± 144 | NS | –11 ± 35 | –18 ± 36 | NS | |
| Energy expenditure (kcal) | 246 ± 174 | 138 ± 104 | <0.001 | 142 ± 108 | 104 ± 87 | 0.002 | |
| Walking (kcal) | 145 ± 100 | 106 ± 74 | 0.040 | 110 ± 85 | 86 ± 75 | 0.018 | |
| Exercise except walking (kcal) | 101 ± 130 | 31 ± 57 | 0.001 | 32 ± 63 | 18 ± 43 | 0.039 | |
| Energy balance (kcal) | –635 ± 458 | –523 ± 368 | NS | –394 ± 405 | –374 ± 389 | NS | |
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. *The difference by intervention was tested by the paired Student’s t-test. The difference between completing subjects and dropouts were tested by either the χ2 test or Student’s t-test. NS: nonsignificant (P≥0.05).