Table 5. Ratio of health-care expenditure to per capita household income among children with difficulty in vision.
| Per capita household income [A] (1000 VND) |
Health-care expenditure [B] (1000 VND) |
[B]/[A] | [B]/[A]>0.05 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | % | OR | (95%CI) | |||||
| Overall | 10521.5 | (7969.7) | 807.4 | (3901.1) | 0.0767 | 14.6% | - | ||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| Urban | 13450.2 | (9074.0) | 308.2 | (1432.3) | 0.0229 | 8.0% | Reference | ||||
| Rural | 6811.5 | (3937.7) | 1439.8 | (5603.3) | 0.2114 | 23.1% | 5.19 | (1.53, 17.60) | p=0.008 | ||
| Household income | |||||||||||
| 1st quintile (lowest) | 2941.3 | (498.8) | 296.4 | (1044.2) | 0.1008 | 16.6% | Reference | ||||
| 2nd quintile | 4319.3 | (477.3) | 191.0 | (365.9) | 0.0442 | 23.3% | 2.29 | (0.41, 12.59) | p=0.342 | ||
| 3rd quintile | 6293.8 | (694.8) | 1665.8 | (7964.4) | 0.2647 | 10.7% | 0.83 | (0.11, 6.03) | p=0.853 | ||
| 4th quintile | 8979.4 | (900.8) | 705.1 | (2693.2) | 0.0785 | 9.4% | 0.87 | (0.15, 5.21) | p=0.880 | ||
| 5th quintile (highest) | 18369.0 | (8705.7) | 853.5 | (2665.9) | 0.0465 | 15.6% | 3.24 | (0.61, 17.27) | p=0.168 | ||
| Trend p=0.383 | |||||||||||
| Educational attainment of household head | |||||||||||
| Primary school graduate | 9437.2 | (9528.8) | 586.8 | (2222.6) | 0.0622 | 17.4% | Reference | ||||
| Lower secondary school graduate | 8397.7 | (4406.0) | 1601.3 | (6128.6) | 0.1907 | 20.0% | 1.31 | (0.47, 3.64) | p=0.611 | ||
| Upper secondary school graduate | 14054.0 | (10112.1) | 197.9 | (343.0) | 0.0141 | 9.9% | 0.81 | (0.16, 4.07) | p=0.796 | ||
| Junior college degree, bachelor’s degree, or higher | 11153.5 | (7011.5) | 392.1 | (2088.0) | 0.0352 | 8.4% | 0.51 | (0.11, 2.37) | p=0.386 | ||
| Trend p=0.303 | |||||||||||
| Occupation of household head | |||||||||||
| Leaders, professionals, or staffs in any fields | 13808.2 | (5597.7) | 524.8 | (1932.6) | 0.0380 | 8.6% | Reference | ||||
| Skilled workers in personal services and sales | 12739.0 | (7626.8) | 1212.3 | (4290.6) | 0.0952 | 7.9% | 0.68 | (0.04, 12.59) | p=0.798 | ||
| Skilled workers in agriculture and fisheries | 7388.3 | (1640.2) | 1292.3 | (2707.2) | 0.1749 | 20.2% | 2.80 | (0.14, 54.00) | p=0.496 | ||
| Skilled handicraftsman and other skilled manual workers | 7424.0 | (4390.7) | 1068.1 | (3417.2) | 0.1439 | 17.1% | 1.08 | (0.17, 6.79) | p=0.935 | ||
| Assemblers and machine operators | 10534.1 | (3370.4) | 630.5 | (860.6) | 0.0599 | 41.9% | 9.18 | (0.95, 88.46) | p=0.055 | ||
| Unskilled workers | 9511.7 | (8433.8) | 876.3 | (5236.1) | 0.0921 | 16.8% | 1.15 | (0.21, 6.20) | p=0.871 | ||
| Not working | 14710.4 | (13221.9) | 205.4 | (290.6) | 0.0140 | 6.2% | 0.52 | (0.04, 7.47) | p=0.628 | ||
The odds ratios were adjusted for sex, age, and all other characteristics. The pseudo R2 of the multivariable logistic regression model was 0.163.