Table 6. Ratio of health-care expenditure to per capita household income among children with difficulty in hearing, remembering or concentrating, mobility, self-care, or communication.
| Per capita household income [A] (1000 VND) |
Health-care expenditure [B] (1000 VND) |
[B]/[A] | [B]/[A]>0.05 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | % | OR | (95%CI) | |||||
| Overall | 6284.0 | (8234.2) | 601.0 | (2735.9) | 0.096 | 13.3% | – | ||||
| Area | |||||||||||
| Urban | 12824.1 | (16921.9) | 282.8 | (675.7) | 0.022 | 15.4% | Reference | ||||
| Rural | 4907.6 | (3477.6) | 668.0 | (2991.4) | 0.136 | 12.9% | 1.34 | (0.29, 6.26) | p=0.710 | ||
| Household income | |||||||||||
| 1st quintile (lowest) | 2618.1 | (632.8) | 349.0 | (2097.2) | 0.133 | 11.9% | Reference | ||||
| 2nd quintile | 4322.5 | (506.4) | 749.1 | (2560.5) | 0.173 | 17.0% | 1.05 | (0.32, 3.43) | p=0.929 | ||
| 3rd quintile | 6222.9 | (687.4) | 937.6 | (4695.9) | 0.151 | 11.1% | 0.15 | (0.03, 0.86) | p=0.033 | ||
| 4th quintile | 9108.4 | (1140.7) | 61.4 | (85.8) | 0.007 | 0.0% | - | ||||
| 5th quintile (highest) | 21188.9 | (18713.3) | 1074.0 | (2424) | 0.051 | 24.0% | 0.59 | (0.15, 2.23) | p=0.432 | ||
| Trend p=0.033 | |||||||||||
| Educational attainment of household head | |||||||||||
| Primary school graduate | 4801.7 | (3129.5) | 319.8 | (1365.7) | 0.067 | 10.1% | Reference | ||||
| Lower secondary school graduate | 5816.4 | (4466.5) | 861.3 | (3858.1) | 0.148 | 14.2% | 1.40 | (0.33, 5.85) | p=0.648 | ||
| Upper secondary school graduate | 11232.7 | (22455) | 1471.4 | (3432.9) | 0.131 | 38.4% | 12.30 | (2.29, 66.07) | p=0.003 | ||
| Junior college degree, bachelor’s degree, or higher | 6515.3 | (6914.2) | 298.1 | (1508.6) | 0.046 | 8.4% | 0.70 | (0.13, 3.68) | p=0.673 | ||
| Trend p=0.972 | |||||||||||
| Occupation of household head | |||||||||||
| Leaders, professionals, or staffs in all fields | 24946.8 | (26821.6) | 1751.4 | (3303.5) | 0.070 | 28.6% | Reference | ||||
| Skilled workers in personal services and sales | 5541.4 | (1866.3) | 92.3 | (143.1) | 0.017 | 25.7% | 1.40 | (0.04, 43.55) | p=0.848 | ||
| Skilled workers in agriculture and fisheries | 6949.9 | (4327.8) | 1062.1 | (2487.6) | 0.153 | 35.9% | 0.92 | (0.10, 8.60) | p=0.944 | ||
| Skilled handicraftsman and other skilled manual workers | 6118.2 | (3232.9) | 264.8 | (378.6) | 0.043 | 29.3% | 0.42 | (0.05, 3.73) | p=0.439 | ||
| Assemblers and machine operators | 8885.6 | (5298.1) | 969.6 | (932.7) | 0.109 | 72.2% | - | ||||
| Unskilled workers | 4917.6 | (4013.0) | 611.4 | (3070.9) | 0.124 | 7.6% | 0.09 | (0.01, 0.65) | p=0.017 | ||
| Armed forces | 10092.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0% | - | ||||||
| Not working | 5985.4 | (4888.2) | 79.9 | (121.6) | 0.013 | 15.5% | 0.35 | (0.02, 5.65) | p=0.462 | ||
The odds ratios were adjusted for sex, age, and all other characteristics. The pseudo R2 of the multivariable logistic regression model was 0.231.