Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted changes in HbA1c (absolute % units) by cohort (for age, gender, baseline HbA1c, baseline BMI, year of treatment initiation, and both incident and baseline use of calcium channel blockers, β-adrenoceptor blockers, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, thiazides, β-adrenoceptor blockers, antipsychotics and steroids)

	Baseline	95% CI		3–9 month post	95% CI		Crude difference	95% CI		P value	Adjusted difference	95% CI
Metformin	8.94	8.92	8.97	7.31	7.30	7.33	−1.63	−1.65	−1.61	<0.001	−1.63	−1.66	−1.60
Metformin on PPI	8.70	8.64	8.76	7.17	7.14	7.21	−1.53	−1.59	−1.47	<0.001	−1.69	−1.74	−1.64
PPI	6.83	6.76	6.90	6.81	6.74	6.88	−0.02	−0.08	0.04	0.47	0.02	−0.11	0.14
PPI on metformin	7.10	7.02	7.17	7.12	7.04	7.20	0.02	−0.04	0.08	0.43	0.13	−0.01	0.28