Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 489).
| Variable | N (%) | Mean (SD) [Range] |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Female | 298 (61) | |
| Age | 70.1 (7.1) [60.0–91.0] | |
| 60–74 Years | 351 (72) | |
| ≥75 Years | 138 (28) | |
| Married | 238 (49) | |
| Education | 173 (36) | |
| <High school | ||
| ≥High school | 315 (65) | |
| Economic status | ||
| Below poverty line | 139 (29) | |
| Above poverty line | 341 (71) | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | 170 (35) | |
| African American | 167 (34) | |
| American Indian | 152 (31) | |
| Diabetes-related Characteristics | 248 (51) | |
| HbA1c <7.0% | ||
| Duration of diabetes, years | 14.2 (12.1) [0–67] | |
| <10 years | 193 (41) | |
| ≥10 years | 277 (59) | |
| Taking diabetes pills | 364 (75) | |
| Taking insulin | 144 (30) | |
| Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors | ||
| Self-foot checks | ||
| At least once per day | 356 (80) | |
| <once per day | 93 (21) | |
| Fruits & vegetable consumption | ||
| At least 5 servings per/day 5 or > times/week | 275 (56) | |
| <5 servings per day 5 times/week | 212 (44) | |
| Exercise participation | ||
| 5 or more times/week | 94 (20) | |
| <5 times per week | 388 (81) | |
| Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose | ||
| At least once per day | 363 (77) | |
| <once per day | 106 (23) | |
| Provider checks feet at least 2× per year | 390 (80) | |
| Provider checks HbA1c at least 2× per year | 438 (91) | |
| Diabetes Symptom Checklist (DSC) dimensions | ||
| Hypoglycemia | [0–10] | |
| 1.1 (1.4) | ||
| Cardiac | 0.7 (1.1) | |
| Neuropathic (sensory) | 1.3 (1.8) | |
| Neuropathic (pain) | 1.1 (1.8) | |
| Neuropathic (total) | 1.2 (1.6) | |
| Psychological (fatigue) | 1.5 (2.0) | |
| Psychological (cognitive) | 0.9 (1.3) | |
| Psychological (total) | 1.2 (1.5) | |
| Vision | 0.6 (1.3) | |
| Total DSC Score | 1.2 (1.2) |