Table 2.
Plasma hormones and substrates concentrations at baseline and at completion of the study periods
| NEAA treatment at Baseline |
Citrulline treatment at Baseline |
Change in value following NEAA Ingestion |
Change value following Citrulline Ingestion |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | Std Dev | N | Mean | Std Dev | p-value (a) | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | p-value (b) | |
| Insulin | 7 | 35.82 | 8.79 | 7 | 33.34 | 13.76 | 0.67 | −12.40 | 3.21 | −12.40 | 3.21 | 1.00 |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | 8 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.82 | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.20 | 0.04 | 0.77 |
| HGH | 7 | 0.22 | 0.44 | 7 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.23 |
| IGF-1 (nmol/L) | 8 | 39.02 | 2.26 | 8 | 39.20 | 3.21 | 0.87 | 0.41 | 1.29 | −1.85 | 1.29 | 0.17 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5 | 5.11 | 0.21 | 5 | 5.06 | 0.38 | 0.78 | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
| NEFA (mEq/L) | 8 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 8 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.0148 | 0.0051 | 0.0092 | 0.0051 | 0.19 |
| Non-Essential Amino Acids mix |
||||||||||||
| Alanine (μmol/L) | 7 | 313.27 | 54.88 | 8 | 362.79 | 92.37 | 0.08 | 71.4036 | 45.3336 | −112.02 | 42.56 | 0.006 |
| Aspartate (μmol/L) | 6 | 6.05 | 1.46 | 8 | 6.58 | 2.26 | 0.29 | 1.31 | 0.74 | −1.28 | 0.67 | 0.041 |
| Glycine (μmol/L) | 7 | 275.69 | 54.50 | 8 | 305.59 | 71.00 | 0.015 | 175.90 | 30.05 | −48.89 | 27.61 | 0.001 |
| Serine (μmol/L) | 7 | 120.98 | 24.63 | 8 | 128.85 | 29.41 | 0.024 | 135.64 | 21.05 | −13.99 | 19.36 | <0.001 |
| Proline (μmol/L) | 7 | 158.66 | 20.38 | 8 | 166.00 | 28.91 | 0.017 | 302.72 | 48.74 | −20.68 | 6.02 | <0.001 |
| Citrulline (μmol/L) | 7 | 34.49 | 9.95 | 8 | 35.59 | 8.40 | 0.20 | −8.99 | 71.24 | 741.29 | 65.47 | <0.001 |
| Other Amino Acids | ||||||||||||
| Asparagine (μmol/L) | 7 | 44.05 | 8.62 | 8 | 52.64 | 13.30 | 0.021 | −3.67 | 2.13 | −8.21 | 2.06 | 0.028 |
| Arginine (μmol/L) | 7 | 77.32 | 15.20 | 8 | 88.20 | 13.34 | 0.010 | −9.95 | 14.48 | 188.61 | 13.27 | <0.001 |
| Cysteine (μmol/L) | 7 | 52.78 | 8.47 | 8 | 53.80 | 11.96 | 0.12 | −3.07 | 2.03 | −2.09 | 1.99 | 0.41 |
| Glutamate (μmol/L) | 7 | 58.01 | 14.60 | 8 | 57.62 | 18.86 | 0.92 | −4.58 | 4.71 | −10.28 | 4.38 | 0.32 |
| Glutamine (μmol/L) | 7 | 533.98 | 65.95 | 8 | 582.10 | 90.75 | 0.037 | 55.22 | 23.62 | −42.72 | 22.04 | 0.007 |
| Histidine (μmol/L) | 7 | 62.78 | 9.58 | 8 | 72.59 | 12.86 | 0.003 | −0.38 | 4.51 | −8.44 | 4.35 | 0.050 |
| Isoleucine (μmol/L) | 7 | 58.80 | 10.82 | 8 | 61.46 | 8.39 | 0.13 | −10.50 | 2.93 | −18.53 | 2.70 | 0.064 |
| Leucine (μmol/L) | 7 | 126.50 | 25.81 | 8 | 128.03 | 22.70 | 0.15 | −11.86 | 5.78 | −23.82 | 5.46 | 0.072 |
| Lysine (μmol/L) | 7 | 167.69 | 34.69 | 8 | 175.86 | 49.83 | 0.034 | −16.88 | 9.72 | −15.58 | 9.56 | 0.80 |
| Methionine (μmol/L) | 7 | 22.68 | 3.58 | 8 | 24.49 | 4.43 | 0.021 | −2.76 | 0.99 | −3.46 | 0.98 | 0.12 |
| Ornithine (μmol/L) | 7 | 48.29 | 14.52 | 8 | 49.35 | 14.50 | 0.19 | 8.26 | 8.14 | 84.91 | 7.42 | <0.001 |
| Phenylalanine (μmol/L) | 7 | 55.03 | 4.14 | 8 | 58.69 | 5.99 | 0.032 | 12.13 | 3.02 | 13.07 | 2.94 | 0.63 |
| Taurine (μmol/L) | 7 | 64.32 | 11.73 | 8 | 58.54 | 17.56 | 0.76 | −10.98 | 4.34 | −8.43 | 4.06 | 0.60 |
| Threonine (μmol/L) | 7 | 115.50 | 33.05 | 8 | 140.75 | 45.19 | 0.031 | −8.38 | 5.88 | −15.39 | 5.66 | 0.17 |
| Tyrosine (μmol/L) | 7 | 60.22 | 12.65 | 8 | 62.40 | 13.53 | 0.020 | −0.25 | 3.65 | 2.71 | 3.48 | 0.38 |
| Valine (μmol/L) | 7 | 211.64 | 33.46 | 8 | 215.91 | 35.16 | 0.038 | −15.45 | 7.47 | −28.55 | 7.21 | 0.05 |
**
Std Dev=standard deviation, SE=standard error of means;
(a)
=differences in baseline values;
(b)
=differences in Δ or changes over NEAA vs citrulline ingestion