Fig. 4.

Molecular events for Parkin-independent mitophagy. In the absence of Parkin, BNIP3, NIX, FUNDC1 or cardiolipin directly interact with LC3 and recruit autophagosomes to damaged mitochondria. Moreover, other E3 ubiquitin ligases such as SMURF1 and MUL1 can also promote mitochondrial ubiquitination, p62 mitochondrial targeting and mitophagy.