Table 3.
Maternal, infant, and milk characteristics associated with Nervous (A) and Confident (B) temperament for daughters and sons in rhesus macaques
| Predictors | Daughters (N = 61) | Sons (N = 47) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate ± SE | t | P > |t| | Estimate ± SE | t | P > |t| | |
| (A) Outcome: Nervous temperament factor (z-score) | ||||||
| Intercept | −5.06±1.47 | −3.45 | 0.0011 | 0.42±0.45 | 0.93 | 0.356 |
| Early CORT (ln) | 1.00±0.29 | 3.48 | 0.001 | — | — | — |
| Peak CORT (ln) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Change CORT | 0.2±0.11 | 1.89 | 0.065 | 0.36±0.11 | 3.27 | 0.002 |
| Early AME | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Peak AME | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Change AME | — | — | — | 4.02±1.4 | 2.86 | 0.007 |
| Maternal rank (H&M < L) | −0.27±0.13 | −2.00 | 0.05 | — | — | — |
| Maternal primiparity | — | — | — | −0.91±0.22 | −4.23 | 0.0001 |
| Infant growth | — | — | — | −0.32±0.09 | −3.66 | 0.007 |
| Model adj. R 2 = 0.19, F = 5.73, P-value = 0.0017 | Model adj. R 2 = 0.41, F = 8.87, P-value = 0.0001 | |||||
| When cortisol in milk parameter(s) are removed from models | ||||||
| Model adj. R 2 = 0.044, F = 3.76, P-value = 0.057 | Model adj. R 2 = 0.28, F = 6.76, P-value = 0.0008 | |||||
| (B) Outcome: Confident temperament factor (z-score) | ||||||
| Intercept | 4.09±1.27 | 3.22 | 0.0021 | −0.44±0.69 | −0.64 | 0.5281 |
| Early CORT (ln) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Peak CORT (ln) | −0.67±0.24 | −2.80 | 0.007 | — | — | — |
| Change CORT | — | — | — | −0.44±0.17 | −2.42 | 0.02 |
| Early AME | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Peak AME | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Change AME | — | — | — | −4.58±2.15 | −2.13 | 0.039 |
| Maternal rank | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Maternal primiparity | 0.64±0.31 | 2.08 | 0.04 | 0.76±0.33 | 2.32 | 0.025 |
| Infant growth | — | — | — | 0.32±0.14 | 2.38 | 0.022 |
| Model adj. R 2 = 0.11, F = 4.69, P-value = 0.013 | Model adj. R 2 = 0.19, F = 3.62, P-value = 0.013 | |||||
| When cortisol in milk parameter(s) are removed from models | ||||||
| Model adj. R 2 = 0.007, F = 1.40, P-value = 0.24 | Model adj. R 2 = 0.09, F = 2.58, P-value = 0.07 | |||||
CORT, cortisol; Predictors listed were initially considered for inclusion in models. Predictors denoted with em dashes in table were not retained during forward and backward AICc model selection. Final model adjusted R 2, F-value, and P-values provided for both full model and after removing cortisol predictor from the model.