Table 1.

Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health and wellbeing characteristics of participants stratified by diabetes status

Demographic characteristics	Diabetes		No diabetes		p-value
	n =23,779	%	n = 239,703	%
Gender					<0.001
Male	13,393	56.3	108,589	45.3
Female	10,386	43.7	131,114	54.7
Age group (years)					<0.001
45-59	6,698	28.2	115,733	48.3
60-74	11,143	46.9	86,102	35.9
≥75	5,935	25.0	37,850	15.8
Duration of diabetes (years)					<0.001
<5	7,205	30.3	N/A
5-9	5,670	23.8	N/A
10-14	3,933	16.5	N/A
≥15	4,914	20.7	N/A
Country of birth					<0.001
Australia	17,020	71.6	180,474	75.3
Overseas	6,759	28.4	59,229	24.7
Socioeconomic status
Education					<0.001
University	3,688	15.5	57,312	23.9
Trade/Certificate/Diploma	7,178	30.2	76,648	32.0
At least year 10	7,964	33.5	75,707	31.6
Less than Year 10	4,379	18.4	26,302	11.0
Household income ($AUD)					<0.001
≥$70,000	2,965	12.5	59,4166	24.8
$40,000-$69,999	3,191	13.4	43,588	18.2
$20,000-$39,999	4,536	19.1	41,579	17.4
<$20,000	7,585	31.9	43,937	18.3
SEIFA IRSD (quintiles)					<0.001
(least disadvantaged) 1st	3,597	15.1	51,117	21.3
2nd	4,148	17.4	44,285	18.5
3rd	6,633	27.9	63,680	26.6
4th	5,778	24.3	54,034	22.5
(most disadvantaged) 5th	3,611	15.2	26,383	11.0
ARIA+					0.2
Major City	10,769	45.3	107,637	44.9
Inner Regional	8,335	35.1	84,351	35.2
Outer regional/Remote	4,665	19.6	47,524	19.8
Lifestyle risk factors
Tobacco smoking status					<0.001
Never smoked	11,833	49.8	136,842	57.1
Ex-smoker	10,219	43.0	84,866	35.4
Current	1,726	7.3	17,987	7.5
Alcohol consumption (standard drinks/ week)					<0.001
0	11,073	46.6	74,732	31.2
1-6	5,783	24.3	69,818	29.1
7-13	2,947	12.4	45,951	19.2
14-20	1,846	7.8	26,881	11.2
≥20	1,445	6.1	18,308	7.6
BMI (kg/ m 2 )					<0.001
Normal weight (<25)	4,546	19.1	88,806	37.1
Overweight (25–29)	8,083	34.0	88,255	36.8
Obese (≥30)	9,406	39.6	47,087	19.6
Physical activity **					<0.001
Sedentary	3,084	13.0	18,191	7.6
Insufficient	5,043	21.2	41,679	17.4
Sufficient	13,459	56.6	165,857	69.2
Health status
Number of chronic conditions					<0.001
0	9,788	41.2	131,208	54.7
1	7,632	32.1	68,868	28.7
2	3743	15.7	28,131	11.7
≥3	2616	11.0	11,496	4.8
Heart disease					<0.001
No	18,228	76.7	214,275	89.4
Yes	5,551	23.3	25,428	10.6
High blood pressure					<0.001
No	13,092	55.1	186,431	77.8
Yes	10,687	45.0	53,272	22.2
Hyperlipidaemia					<0.001
No	16,267	68.4	207,375	86.5
Yes	7,512	31.6	32,328	13.5
Depression					<0.001
No	16,720	70.3	174,994	73.0
Yes	4,262	17.9	33,874	14.1
Anxiety					<0.001
No	18,248	76.7	185,358	77.3
Yes	2,734	11.5	23,510	9.8
Wellbeing
SF36 (level of limitation)					<0.001
No (100)	3,643	15.3	75,231	31.4
Minor (90–99)	4,615	19.4	61,299	25.6
Moderate (60–89)	6,385	26.8	50,387	21.0
Severe (0–59)	6,866	28.9	29,032	12.1
K-10 (level of psychological distress)					<0.001
Low (10–15)	13,934	58.6	165,517	69.1
Moderate (11–21)	3,491	14.7	33,362	13.9
High (22–29)	1,505	6.3	11,063	4.6
Very high (30–50)	797	3.4	4,307	1.8
Self-rated general health					<0.001
Excellent/Very good	5,910	24.9	127,369	53.1
Good	9,638	40.5	76,297	31.8
Fair/poor	7,422	31.2	27,847	11.6
Self-rated quality of life					<0.001
Excellent/Very good	9,082	38.2	144,058	60.1
Good	8,482	35.7	62,099	25.9
Fair/poor	4,820	20.7	21,187	8.8

Note: Percentages do not consistently total to 100% due to missing values.