Table 3.
Proportion of participants with a hospital admission, and adjusted relative rates (rate per participant year) and ratios of relative rates of hospital admission (all cause) by demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health and wellbeing characteristics among participants with and without diabetes
| Characteristic | Diabetes | No diabetes | Comparison of aRRs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % admitted | aRR* (95% CI) | % admitted | aRR* (95% CI) | Ratio of RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 31.5 | 1 | 22.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Male | 33.9 | 1.16 (1.12-1.21) | 25.8 | 1.04 (1-02-1-05) | 1.12 (1.07-1.16) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 45-59 | 23.8 | 1 | 17.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 60-74 | 32.5 | 1.45(1.37-1.53) | 26.9 | 1.65(1.62-1.68) | 0.88(0.83-0.93) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 43.7 | 1.72(1.63-1.82) | 39.2 | 2.31(2.27-2.36) | 0.74(0.70-0.79) | <0.001 |
| Country of birth | ||||||
| Australia | 33.8 | 1 | 24.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Overseas | 30.3 | 0.91(0.87-0.95) | 22.9 | 0.94(0.92-0.95) | 0.97(0.92-1.01) | 0.2 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| University | 29.0 | 1 | 20.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Trade/Cert/Diploma | 32.9 | 0.97(0.91-1.03) | 24.0 | 1.00(0.98-1.02) | 0.97(0.91-1.04) | 0.4 |
| At least year 10 | 32.3 | 0.89(0.84-0.95) | 24.9 | 0.98(0.96-1.00) | 0.91(0.85-0.97) | <0.001 |
| Less than Year 10 | 36.1 | 0.93(0.87-0.99) | 29.0 | 1.02(0.99-1.04) | 0.91(0.85-0.98) | 0.01 |
| Household income ($AUD) | ||||||
| $70,000+ | 25.5 | 1 | 19.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| $40,000-$69,999 | 27.4 | 1.07(0.98-1.17) | 21.4 | 1.02(1.00-1.05) | 1.05(0.96-1.15) | 0.3 |
| $20,000-$39,999 | 33.2 | 1.10(1.01-1.19) | 25.4 | 1.02(0.99-1.05) | 1.08(0.99-1.18) | 0.09 |
| <$20,000 | 35.5 | 1.17(1.08-1.26) | 29.0 | 1.04(1.02-1.07) | 1.13(1.04-1.22) | <0.001 |
| ARIA+ | ||||||
| Major Cities | 33.5 | 1 | 25.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Inner Regional | 32.8 | 0.90(0.87-0.94) | 23.6 | 0.85(0.84-0.87) | 1.06(1.01-1.10) | 0.01 |
| Outer regional/Remote | 31.3 | 0.86(0.82-0.91) | 22.7 | 0.77(0.76-0.79) | 1.12(1.06-1.18) | <0.001 |
| SEIFA IRSD (quintiles) | ||||||
| (least disadvantaged) 1 | 35.9 | 1 | 26.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | 31.6 | 0.76(0.71-0.81) | 23.1 | 0.87(0.85-0.89) | 0.87(0.81-0.94) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 32.4 | 0.85(0.80-0.90) | 24.1 | 0.81(0.80-0.83) | 1.05(0.99-1.12) | 0.1 |
| 4 | 32.7 | 0.78(0.74-0.83) | 23.3 | 0.77(0.75-0.79) | 1.01(0.95-1.08) | 0.7 |
| (most disadvantaged) 5 | 32.2 | 0.83(0.77-0.88) | 23.9 | 0.80(0.78-0.82) | 1.04(0.97-1.11) | 0.3 |
| Lifestyle risk factors | ||||||
| Current tobacco smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked | 30.9 | 1 | 23.2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ex-smoker | 35.6 | 1.14(1.10-1.19) | 26.5 | 1.13(1.11-1.14) | 1.01(0.96-1.05) | 0.4 |
| Current | 29.6 | 1.16(1.07-1.25) | 20.5 | 1.02(0.98-1.05) | 1.14(1.04-1.24) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (standard drinks/ week) | ||||||
| 0 | 33.6 | 1 | 25.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1-6 | 31.5 | 0.91(0.87-0.96) | 22.9 | 0.96(0.94-0.97) | 0.95(0.90-1.00) | 0.04 |
| 7-13 | 32.2 | 0.85(0.80-0.91) | 23.4 | 0.90(0.88-0.92) | 0.94(0.88-1.01) | 0.11 |
| 14-20 | 33.6 | 0.93(0.86-1.00) | 24.6 | 0.94(0.92-0.96) | 0.99(0.91-1.07) | 0.8 |
| ≥20 | 30.5 | 0.89(0.82-0.97) | 23.8 | 0.92(0.89-0.95) | 0.97(0.88-1.06) | 0.5 |
| BMI (kg/ m 2) | ||||||
| Normal weight (<25) | 34.1 | 1 | 22.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Over weight (25–29) | 32.5 | 0.91(0.86-0.95) | 24.3 | 1.05(1.03-1.07) | 0.87(0.82-0.91) | <0.001 |
| Obese (≥30) | 32.2 | 1.06(1.01-1.12) | 25.8 | 1.25(1.22-1.27) | 0.85(0.80-0.90) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity** | ||||||
| Sufficient | 30.0 | 1 | 22.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Insufficient | 33.5 | 1.17(1.11-1.22) | 25.8 | 1.20(1.17-1.22) | 0.98(0.93-1.03) | 0.3 |
| Sedentary | 41.9 | 1.38(1.31-1.46) | 31.7 | 1.36(1.33-1.39) | 1.01(0.96-1.08) | 0.6 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Number of chronic conditions | ||||||
| None | 24.9 | 1 | 19.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1 | 35.6 | 1.32(1.26-1.38) | 27.1 | 1.30(1.27-1.32) | 1.02(0.97-1.07) | 0.5 |
| 2 | 40.0 | 1.56(1.48-1.65) | 31.2 | 1.55(1.52-1.58) | 1.01(0.95-1.07) | 0.8 |
| ≥3 | 44.4 | 1.94(1.84-2.06) | 38.0 | 1.85(1.80-1.90) | 1.05(0.99-1.12) | 0.1 |
| Heart disease | ||||||
| No | 29.7 | 1 | 22.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 43.0 | 1.34(1.29-1.40) | 37.2 | 1.29(1.26-1.31) | 1.04(0.99-1.09) | 0.10 |
| High blood pressure | ||||||
| No | 31.7 | 1 | 22.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 34.2 | 1.05(1.01-1.09) | 29.9 | 1.14(1.12-1.16) | 0.92(0.88-0.96) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | ||||||
| No | 32.8 | 1 | 23.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 32.9 | 1.03(0.99-1.07) | 29.1 | 1.10(1.08-1.12) | 0.94(0.90-0.98) | <0.001 |
| Depression | ||||||
| No | 31.7 | 1 | 23.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 36.7 | 1.43(1.37-1.50) | 26.9 | 1.36(1.33-1.38) | 1.05(1.00-1.10) | 0.04 |
| Anxiety | ||||||
| No | 32.1 | 1 | 24.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 36.6 | 1.45(1.38-1.53) | 27.1 | 1.33(1.30-1.36) | 1.09(1.03-1.15) | <0.001 |
| Wellbeing | ||||||
| SF36 (level of limitation) | ||||||
| No (100) | 22.0 | 1 | 16.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Minor (90–99) | 25.3 | 1.12(1.03-1.22) | 21.0 | 1.25(1.22-1.28) | 0.90(0.82-0.98) | 0.01 |
| Moderate (60–89) | 32.7 | 1.67(1.55-1.80) | 28.9 | 1.76(1.72-1.80) | 0.95(0.88-1.03) | 0.2 |
| Severe (0.59) | 43.8 | 2.31(2.15-2.49) | 39.9 | 2.43(2.37-2.49) | 0.95(0.88-1.03) | 0.2 |
| K-10 (level of distress) | ||||||
| Low (10–15) | 30.2 | 1 | 22.5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Moderate (16–21) | 34.8 | 1.21(1.15-1.28) | 24.6 | 1.22(1.19-1.25) | 0.99(0.94-1.05) | 0.8 |
| High (22–29) | 35.3 | 1.49(1.38-1.60) | 26.8 | 1.39(1.35-1.44) | 1.07(0.99-1.16) | 0.09 |
| Very high (30–50) | 39.0 | 1.99(1.83-2.16) | 31.2 | 1.83(1.75-1.91) | 1.09(0.99-1.19) | 0.08 |
| Self-rated general health | ||||||
| Excellent/Very good | 24.9 | 1 | 19.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Good | 31.2 | 1.35(1.27-1.43) | 26.7 | 1.40(1.37-1.42) | 0.96(0.91-1.02) | 0.2 |
| Fair/poor | 40.6 | 1.98(1.87-2.10) | 36.8 | 1.95(1.91-1.99) | 1.02(0.96-1.08) | 0.6 |
| Self-rated quality of life | ||||||
| Excellent/Very good | 27.3 | 1 | 20.9 | 1 | 1 | |
| Good | 33.1 | 1.28(1.22-1.34) | 27.5 | 1.27(1.25-1.29) | 1.01(0.96-1.06) | 0.8 |
| Fair/poor | 41.3 | 1.59(1.52-1.68) | 34.8 | 1.69(1.65-1.73) | 0.94(0.89-0.99) | 0.03 |
*Adjusted for age and gender;
**Physical activity: Sufficient: > = 150 minutes of walking and > =5 sessions per week; Sedentary: no physical activity reported; and Insufficient: all other categories.