Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Women and Men Who Developed Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease During Follow‐up (Cases) and Matched Controls
| Characteristics | Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | P Value | Cases | Controls | P Value | |
| N | 144 | 431 | 143 | 429 | ||
| Age, y | 60.0±5.1 | 60.0±5.2 | Matched | 65.4±8.1 | 65.3±8.1 | Matched |
| Ethnicity, nonblack | 144 (100%) | 431 (100%) | Matched | 142 (99%) | 429 (100%) | Matched |
| Smoking status, n | ||||||
| Never | 30 (21%) | 90 (21%) | Matched | 23 (16%) | 82 (19%) | Matched |
| Former | 56 (39%) | 169 (39%) | 78 (55%) | 242 (56%) | ||
| Current | 58 (40%) | 172 (40%) | 32 (22%) | 90 (21%) | ||
| β2‐Microglobulin, mg/L | 1.91 (1.72 to 2.21) | 1.89 (1.65 to 2.17) | 0.28 | 1.99 (1.74 to 2.35) | 1.80 (1.59 to 2.06) | <0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.06) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.04) | 0.50 | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.22) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.67±0.12 | 0.70±0.12 | 0.04 | 0.92±0.20 | 0.88±0.19 | 0.04 |
| eGFR, mL min−1 per 1.73 m−2* | 93±12 | 91±12 | 0.05 | 85±15 | 88±13 | 0.01 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 2.56 (1.25 to 4.70) | 1.62 (0.73 to 3.33) | 0.07 | 2.24 (1.18 to 3.52) | 1.18 (0.51 to 2.26) | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60.5±19.9 | 62.1±17.1 | 0.42 | 41.7±11.5 | 48.5±14.2 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 148±44 | 142±38 | 0.16 | 139±35 | 131±33 | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 110 (85 to 161) | 106 (73 to 145) | 0.34 | 143 (105 to 195) | 115 (80 to 165) | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.48 (5.28 to 5.72) | 5.33 (5.17 to 5.55) | <0.001 | 5.56 (5.34 to 5.96) | 5.41 (5.24 to 5.59) | <0.001 |
| Pack‐years of smoking, y | 34 (5 to 50) | 18 (2 to 37) | <0.001 | 26 (5 to 45) | 18 (1 to 35) | <0.001 |
| History of type 2 diabetes, n | 19 (13%) | 12 (3%) | <0.001 | 28 (20%) | 16 (4%) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, n | 68 (47%) | 137 (32%) | <0.001 | 70 (49%) | 130 (30%) | <0.001 |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, n | 84 (58%) | 200 (46%) | 0.01 | 82 (57%) | 187 (44%) | 0.005 |
| Parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 y, n | 31 (22%) | 61 (14%) | 0.03 | 22 (15%) | 44 (10%) | 0.09 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.3±4.5 | 24.8±4.0 | 0.20 | 25.8±3.3 | 25.6±4.4 | 0.41 |
| Physical activity, MET‐h per week | 12.8 (4.7 to 24.9) | 13.5 (4.9 to 27.9) | 0.78 | 22.7 (8.0 to 43.8) | 27.4 (10.3 to 52.8) | 0.003 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | 1.9 (0 to 11.0) | 2.1 (0 to 9.9) | 0.92 | 7.6 (0.9 to 17.8) | 9.8 (1.8 to 20.3) | 0.48 |
Matching factors, besides age, race, and smoking status, included date of blood draw and fasting status. Data are expressed as mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). P values are derived from mixed linear models for continuous variables and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests for categorical variables controlling for matched sets. eGFR indicates estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MET‐h, metabolic equivalent hours.
*
eGFR was calculated according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.