Table 4.
Relative Risks for Peripheral Artery Disease According to β2‐Microglobulin, Cystatin C, and Creatinine in Women and Men
| Kidney Function Marker | Continuous Biomarker, per 1‐SD Increment | Quartiles of Biomarker, Median (Range) | P Trend* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| Women | ||||||
| β2‐Microglobulin, mg/L | 0.21 | 1.51 (1.05 to 1.67) | 1.78 (1.68 to 1.89) | 2.01 (1.90 to 2.16) | 2.39 (2.17 to 3.87) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 27/114 | 40/109 | 40/101 | 37/106 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.42) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.59 (0.91 to 2.78) | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.10) | 1.60 (0.87 to 2.93) | 0.14 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.06 (0.80 to 1.40) | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.12 (1.05 to 4.28) | 2.16 (1.04 to 4.49) | 1.41 (0.66 to 3.05) | 0.54 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.17 | 0.77 (0.49 to 0.83) | 0.89 (0.84 to 0.92) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.04) | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.75) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 35/120 | 30/98 | 42/115 | 37/98 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.31) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.04 (0.60 to 1.81) | 1.27 (0.76 to 2.14) | 1.32 (0.77 to 2.26) | 0.26 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.16) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.42) | 0.85 (0.45 to 1.60) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.44) | 0.51 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.17 | 0.56 (0.35 to 0.60) | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.67) | 0.71 (0.68 to 0.74) | 0.81 (0.75 to 1.40) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 44/97 | 30/99 | 41/121 | 28/114 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 0.80 (0.66 to 0.97) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.64 (0.37 to 1.11) | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.18) | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.91) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.12) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.59) | 0.88 (0.46 to 1.68) | 0.63 (0.32 to 1.27) | 0.25 |
| Men | ||||||
| β2‐Microglobulin, mg/L | 0.22 | 1.49 (1.18 to 1.61) | 1.73 (1.62 to 1.83) | 1.97 (1.84 to 2.11) | 2.41 (2.12 to 10.24) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 24/114 | 27/118 | 41/104 | 51/92 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.05) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.14 (0.62 to 2.10) | 2.25 (1.23 to 4.14) | 3.36 (1.83 to 6.19) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.61 (1.23 to 2.09) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.28 (0.58 to 2.82) | 1.92 (0.87 to 4.28) | 2.85 (1.24 to 6.56) | 0.008 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.19 | 0.81 (0.63 to 0.87) | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) | 1.21 (1.10 to 3.22) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 20/116 | 39/123 | 27/96 | 57/94 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.65 (1.34 to 2.05) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.97 (1.06 to 3.65) | 1.78 (0.92 to 3.46) | 4.02 (2.18 to 7.41) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.63 (1.24 to 2.15) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.47 (0.69 to 3.14) | 1.48 (0.67 to 3.29) | 3.00 (1.40 to 6.43) | 0.004 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.18 | 0.71 (0.49 to 0.77) | 0.82 (0.78 to 0.86) | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.96) | 1.05 (0.97 to 3.04) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 33/118 | 33/109 | 28/117 | 49/85 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.48) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.11 (0.63 to 1.95) | 0.87 (0.50 to 1.53) | 2.10 (1.23 to 3.58) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.41 (1.10 to 1.81) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.70 (0.81 to 3.59) | 1.15 (0.56 to 2.39) | 3.28 (1.58 to 6.82) | 0.004 |
HDL indicates high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
*
P for trend based on median plasma concentrations of quartiles.
*
Matching factors included age, race, smoking status, month of blood draw, and fasting status.
*
Adjusted for C‐reactive protein, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, pack‐years of smoking, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 years, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol consumption.