Table 5.
Relative Risks for Peripheral Artery Disease According to eGFRCKD‐EPI, eGFRCREAT‐CYS, Inverse of β2‐Microglobulin, and Inverse of Cystatin C in Women and Men
| Continuous, per 1‐SD Decrement | Quartiles, Median (Range) | P Trend* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| Women | ||||||
| eGFRCKD‐EPI, mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 12 | 104 (100 to 121) | 97 (94 to 100) | 92 (86 to 94) | 77 (41 to 85) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 39/105 | 37/106 | 44/101 | 24/119 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.01) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.48 to 1.60) | 1.12 (0.61 to 2.04) | 0.51 (0.27 to 0.98) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.12) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.47 to 2.21) | 1.49 (0.70 to 3.16) | 0.62 (0.28 to 1.41) | 0.16 |
| eGFRCREAT‐CYS, mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 11 | 103 (97 to 125) | 94 (91 to 97) | 87 (83 to 91) | 78 (53 to 83) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 39/105 | 37/106 | 44/101 | 24/119 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.13) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.79 (0.45 to 1.39) | 0.91 (0.52 to 1.57) | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.50) | 0.63 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.12) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.63 0.30 to 1.33) | 0.78 (0.38 to 1.61) | 0.60 (0.29 to 1.27) | 0.27 |
| 1/β2‐microglobulin, L/mg | 0.11 | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.95) | 0.56 (0.53 to 0.59) | 0.50 (0.46 to 0.53) | 0.42 (0.26 to 0.46) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 29/118 | 37/99 | 40/103 | 38/111 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.55 (0.88 to 2.72) | 1.63 (0.93 to 2.86) | 1.48 (0.82 to 2.68) | 0.21 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.09 (0.82 to 1.45) | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.16 (1.04 to 4.46) | 2.17 (1.05 to 4.48) | 1.26 (0.59 to 2.69) | 0.59 |
| 1/cystatin C, L/mg | 0.19 | 1.31 (1.20 to 2.04) | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.19) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.57 to 0.95) | |
| No. cases/controls | 144/431 | 34/106 | 36/122 | 32/96 | 42/107 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.33) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.58) | 1.06 (0.60 to 1.86) | 1.24 (0.73 to 2.12) | 0.41 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.25) | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.50) | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.25) | 0.26 |
| Men | ||||||
| eGFRCKD‐EPI, mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 13 | 101 (96 to 117) | 92 (90 to 96) | 86 (81 to 90) | 72 (19 to 80) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 36/107 | 28/114 | 29/115 | 50/93 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.32 (1.08 to 1.61) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.78 (0.43 to 1.42) | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.53) | 1.78 (0.97 to 3.26) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.54 (1.17 to 2.02) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.77 (0.36 to 1.66) | 0.95 (0.44 to 2.06) | 2.52 (1.16 to 5.48) | 0.005 |
| eGFRCREAT‐CYS, mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 15 | 101 (94 to 117) | 89 (84 to 94) | 80 (74 to 84) | 66 (16 to 74) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 25/118 | 31/112 | 34/109 | 53/89 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.65 (1.32 to 2.05) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.51 (0.81 to 2.80) | 1.85 (0.99 to 3.45) | 3.80 (2.02 to 7.16) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.71 (1.28 to 2.29) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.37 (0.62 to 3.04) | 1.39 (0.64 to 3.01) | 3.82 (1.69 to 8.66) | <0.001 |
| 1/β2‐microglobulin, L/mg | 0.11 | 0.67 (0.62 to 0.85) | 0.58 (0.55 to 0.61) | 0.51 (0.47 to 0.54) | 0.41 (0.10 to 0.47) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 25/120 | 26/113 | 41/104 | 51/92 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.76 (1.41 to 2.20) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.17 (0.63 to 2.17) | 2.28 (1.24 to 4.18) | 3.40 (1.85 to 6.26) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.65 (1.24 to 2.20) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.27 (0.56 to 2.87) | 1.91 (0.86 to 4.24) | 2.82 (1.23 to 6.47) | 0.008 |
| 1/cystatin C, L/mg | 0.18 | 1.24 (1.15 to 1.59) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.14) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) | 0.83 (0.31 to 0.91) | |
| No. cases/controls | 143/429 | 20/116 | 35/113 | 31/106 | 57/94 | |
| Model 1 (matching factors)* | 1.71 (1.37 to 2.14) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.91 (1.02 to 3.59) | 1.86 (0.97 to 3.56) | 4.03 (2.19 to 7.43) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (multivariable)* | 1.64 (1.23 to 2.17) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.41 (0.65 to 3.09) | 1.54 (0.71 to 3.32) | 3.00 (1.40 to 6.43) | 0.004 |
CKD‐EPI indicates Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CREAT‐CYS, creatinine–cystatin C; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
*
P for trend based on median of quartiles.
*
Matching factors included age, race, smoking status, month of blood draw, and fasting status.
*
Adjusted for HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, C‐reactive protein, hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, pack‐years of smoking, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 years, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol consumption.