Table 3.
Systemic Hemodynamics at Rest and During Acute Mental Stress
| Variable | Condition | Baseline | Control | Pistachio | Mean Difference Pistachio—Control | Condition P Value* | Treatment P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | Rest | 116.2±2.5 | 112.1±2.2 | 112.3±1.9 | 0.3±2.0 | ||
| Math | 135.0±4.1 | 127.8±3.9 | 128.0±3.4 | 0.2±3.6 | |||
| Recovery | 118.5±2.6 | 114.6±2.4 | 114.7±2.3 | 0.0±2.4 | |||
| Cold | 146.7±4.2 | 139.6±4.1 | 139.9±4.1 | 0.3±4.1 | |||
| Recovery | 119.8±2.8 | 117.6±2.5 | 115.7±2.4 | −1.9±2.5 | |||
| Average | 127.0±1.8 | 122.1±1.6 | 121.9±1.5 | −0.2±1.6 | 0.0001 | 0.76 | |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | Rest | 71.0±0.9 | 69.2±0.9 | 69.2±1.1 | 0.0±1.0 | ||
| Math | 78.9±1.5 | 76.2±1.4 | 75.9±1.2 | −0.4±1.3 | |||
| Recovery | 70.3±1.0 | 70.1±0.9 | 69.2±0.9 | −1.0±0.9 | |||
| Cold | 83.6±1.6 | 82.0±1.5 | 81.4±1.4 | −0.7±1.5 | |||
| Recovery | 71.7±1.3 | 70.0±1.0 | 69.8±0.9 | −0.2±1.0 | |||
| Average | 75.0±0.7 | 73.4±0.7 | 73.0±0.6 | −0.4±0.6 | 0.0001 | 0.28 | |
| Heart rate, bpm | Rest | 63.8±1.1 | 64.7±1.4 | 64.9±1.4 | 0.1±1.4 | ||
| Math | 72.0±1.4 | 71.9±1.5 | 71.5±1.4 | −0.4±1.4 | |||
| Recovery | 64.4±1.2 | 65.5±1.4 | 65.7±1.5 | 0.1±1.4 | |||
| Cold | 71.1±1.3 | 70.1±1.6 | 71.0±1.6 | 0.9±1.6 | |||
| Recovery | 64.7±1.2 | 64.3±1.3 | 64.9±1.4 | 0.5±1.4 | |||
| Average | 67.2±0.6 | 67.3±0.7 | 67.6±0.7 | 0.2±0.7 | 0.0001 | 0.43 | |
| Stroke volume, mL/beat | Rest | 68.3±3.1 | 66.1±3.5 | 67.9±3.3 | 1.7±3.4 | ||
| Math | 69.3±3.9 | 65.5±4.3 | 68.5±4.0 | 3.0±4.1 | |||
| Recovery | 67.3±3.1 | 67.4±3.8 | 68.4±3.4 | 1.0±3.6 | |||
| Cold | 68.0±3.8 | 64.6±3.6 | 67.9±3.7 | 3.3±3.7 | |||
| Recovery | 66.2±3.6 | 68.2±3.8 | 69.4±3.5 | 1.2±3.6 | |||
| Average | 67.8±1.6 | 66.4±1.7 | 68.4±1.6 | 2.1±1.6 | 0.17 | 0.011 | |
| Cardiac output, L/min | Rest | 4.36±0.20 | 4.26±0.21 | 4.36±0.20 | 0.10±0.21 | ||
| Math | 5.01±0.30 | 4.73±0.29 | 4.84±0.27 | 0.11±0.28 | |||
| Recovery | 4.32±0.20 | 4.36±0.21 | 4.45±0.20 | 0.09±0.21 | |||
| Cold | 4.82±0.27 | 4.48±0.23 | 4.77±0.25 | 0.29±0.24 | |||
| Recovery | 4.28±0.23 | 4.34±0.21 | 4.46±0.20 | 0.12±0.20 | |||
| Average | 4.55±0.11 | 4.43±0.10 | 4.57±0.10 | 0.14±0.10 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | |
| Total peripheral resistance, dyne‐s/cm5 | Rest | 1694.7±105.1 | 1695.4±107.4 | 1641.1±97.2 | −54.3±102.3 | ||
| Math | 1693.5±113.2 | 1737.8±124.9 | 1691.1±110.9 | −46.6±117.9 | |||
| Recovery | 1702.5±101.6 | 1664.8±97.5 | 1618.0±94.0 | −46.8±95.8 | |||
| Cold | 1918.5±156.8 | 1964.5±148.2 | 1852.8±158.3 | −111.7±153.3 | |||
| Recovery | 1789.1±127.1 | 1680.5±91.5 | 1622.3±91.4 | −58.2±91.4 | |||
| Average | 1757.6±54.0 | 1746.1±51.4 | 1681.8±49.6 | −64.3±50.5 | 0.0001 | 0.004 |
Data are mean±standard error, n=30. BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure.
*
Statistical significance assessed by PROC MIXED in SAS, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and baseline (run‐in) values. The condition effect tested differences in hemodynamics between resting and stress conditions. The treatment effect tested differences in hemodynamics between the Control and Pistachio diets.