Table 7.
Baseline–to–3‐Year Change in Quality of Life: Multivariate Regression Model With Baseline Factors Only
| Change in EQ‐VAS (Year 3–Baseline) | Change in EQ‐5D (Year 3–Baseline) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entered (Y/N) | Included (Y/N) | Coefficient | SD | P Value | Entered (Y/N) | Included (Y/N) | Coefficient | SD | P Value | |
| Regression intercept | 41.0 | 7.1 | <0.00001 | 42.3 | 6.2 | <0.00001 | ||||
| Age, y | Y | Y | −0.25 | 0.07 | 0.0009 | Y | Y | −0.34 | 0.07 | <0.00001 |
| Female | Y | N | N | |||||||
| LSPAF | Y | Y | 7.5 | 1.6 | <0.00001 | Y | Y | 5.1 | 1.5 | 0.001 |
| History of AF, mo | Y | Y | −0.027 | 0.012 | 0.02 | Y | Y | −0.032 | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | Y | N | Y | Y | −0.35 | 0.14 | 0.02 | |||
| LA diameter, mm | Y | Y | −0.29 | 0.13 | 0.03 | Y | N | |||
| LVEF, % | Y | N | N | |||||||
| Hypertension | Y | N | Y | N | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | N | Y | N | |||||||
| Stroke/TIA | N | Y | N | |||||||
| CAD | N | N | ||||||||
Factors were entered depending on the results of univariate correlation analysis (for details, see the text) and included by stepwise forward method. 5D indicates 5‐dimensional descriptive system; AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; LA, left atrial; LSPAF, long‐standing persistent AF; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; TIA, transient ischemic attack; VAS, visual analog scale; Y, yes; N, no.