Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the 2742 Participants, by Quintile of Each Plasma Phospholipid Trans–Fatty Acid Concentration
| Trans‐16:1n9 | Total Trans‐18:1* | Cis/Trans‐18:2 | Trans/Cis‐18:2 | Trans/Trans‐18:2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | V | I | V | I | V | I | V | I | V | |
| Range, % total fatty acids | 0.02–0.05 | 0.09–0.20 | 0.23–1.37 | 2.55–5.70 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.10–0.26 | 0.02–0.09 | 0.17 to 0.62 | 0.011 to 0.036 | 0.053 to 0.085 |
| N adults in quintile | 550 | 548 | 549 | 548 | 550 | 528 | 562 | 548 | 594 | 536 |
| Age, y | 73.0±4.6 | 74.7±5.4* | 73.5±4.9 | 74.7±5.4* | 74.2±5.3 | 74.2±5.4 | 73.8±5.1 | 73.9±4.9 | 73.0±4.6 | 74.3±5.4* |
| Gender, %male | 38 | 33 | 36 | 37 | 47 | 34* | 41 | 36 | 31 | 39* |
| Race, %white | 87 | 92* | 81 | 93* | 73 | 97* | 78 | 93* | 94 | 69* |
| Education, % >high school | 51 | 41* | 53 | 36* | 46 | 42 | 48 | 43 | 46 | 47 |
| Diabetes mellitus*, % | 11 | 10 | 16 | 10* | 20 | 8* | 19 | 11* | 12 | 16 |
| Hypertension*, % | 41 | 36 | 43 | 38 | 41 | 35 | 43 | 35 | 38 | 45 |
| Current smoker, % | 10 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 10 |
| Former smoker, % | 45 | 38 | 48 | 37* | 47 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 43 | 42 |
| Alcohol, drinks/week | 4.4±7.2 | 0.9±2.6* | 5.1±12.1 | 0.9±3.7* | 2.8±5.9 | 1.5±4.4* | 2.94±10.8 | 1.64±4.4* | 3.3±11.0 | 1.6±4.2* |
| Physical activity, kcal/week | 1318±1803 | 901±1150* | 1126±1619 | 947±1194 | 1167±1537 | 1127±1491 | 1141±1602 | 1020±1291 | 999±1243 | 1032±1420 |
| Body–mass index, kg/m2 | 27.1±4.4 | 25.9±4.1* | 27.1±4.7 | 25.6±4.2* | 26.8±4.6 | 26.6±4.6 | 26.4±4.5 | 26.8±4.7 | 27.6±4.6 | 26.0±4.7* |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.8±13.4 | 95.2±11.8* | 97.9±13.8 | 94.7±11.9* | 97.2±13.4 | 96.8±12.9 | 96.2±13.2 | 97.4±13.0 | 98.8±13.1 | 93.9±13.5* |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135.2±20.1 | 137.9±22.1 | 135.7±19.1 | 138.1±22.4 | 135.2±20.1 | 137.7±21.2 | 134.9±20.2 | 137.7±21.5 | 135.1±20.2 | 137.8±21.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72.2±11.0 | 71.2±11.3 | 72.0±11.6 | 70.8±11.0 | 71.9±11.7 | 71.1±11.4 | 71.4±11.2 | 71.7±11.3 | 71.2±12.1 | 72.4±11.5 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 125.8±34.0 | 130.0±32.9 | 124.4±36.3 | 128.6±32.3* | 127.6±34.7 | 125.9±32.8 | 125.5±33.1 | 129.2±33.8 | 127.9±33.5 | 124.1±34.7 |
| HDL cholesterol, md/dL | 56.8±15.5 | 53.2±13.2* | 58.0±16.1 | 53.1±14.0* | 55.0±14.4 | 54.0±14.3 | 55.1±14.6 | 53.2±13.9 | 53.4±14.2 | 57.7±14.9* |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 144.6±95.8 | 135.3±72.8 | 143.5±93.8 | 138.8±80.4 | 124.8±69.7 | 156.7±88.2* | 127.0±69.6 | 156.8±91.1* | 180.1±99.5 | 109.2±71.4* |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 6.0±10.1 | 3.4±5.2* | 5.7±10.1 | 4.1±9.5* | 5.6±11.0 | 4.6±9.7 | 5.5±11.6 | 4.7±8.5 | 5.4±9.3 | 4.9±11.5 |
| Dietary factors* | ||||||||||
| SFA, %energy | 10.5±2.2 | 10.0±2.1* | 10.5±2.3 | 10.2±2.1 | 10.4±2.2 | 10.2±2.1 | 10.2±2.3 | 10.3±2.1 | 10.3±2.3 | 10.3±2.0 |
| MUFA, %energy | 11.6±2.3 | 11.4±2.4 | 11.5±2.4 | 11.6±2.4 | 11.5±2.4 | 11.5±2.4 | 11.4±2.4 | 11.7±2.4 | 11.6±2.4 | 11.7±2.2 |
| Carbohydrates, %energy | 51.3±7.5 | 53.4±7.9* | 51.5±7.9 | 52.8±7.6* | 51.8±7.5 | 53.2±7.9* | 52.3±7.7 | 52.6±7.9 | 52.1±8.0 | 52.0±7.1 |
| Fiber, g/day | 28.9±12.5 | 30.3±12.2 | 29.1±12.3 | 29.1±12.3 | 29.2±12.0 | 29.6±12.4 | 30.0±12.0 | 29.0±12.1 | 29.2±12.8 | 29.7±11.0 |
| Trans16:1, %energy | 0.08±0.03 | 0.07±0.03* | 0.08±0.03 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.08±0.03* | 0.08±0.03 | 0.08±0.03 |
| Trans18:1, %energy | 1.91±0.6 | 2.09±0.7* | 1.87±0.6 | 2.16±0.7* | 1.93±0.7 | 2.13±0.7* | 1.88±0.7 | 2.15±0.7* | 1.96±0.6 | 2.03±0.7 |
| Trans18:2, %energy | 0.15±0.05 | 0.16±0.06* | 0.10±0.05 | 0.20±0.06* | 0.15±0.06 | 0.16±0.06* | 0.14±0.06 | 0.17±0.06* | 0.15±0.06 | 0.16±0.06 |
| Plasma phospholipid biomarker | ||||||||||
| Linoleic acid | 18.8±2.6 | 20.3±2.4* | 18.5±2.5 | 20.7±2.3* | 18.9±2.5 | 20.2±2.4* | 19.1±2.6 | 19.9±2.4* | 19.5±2.6 | 19.5±2.4 |
| EPA+DHA | 3.8±1.2 | 3.5±1.3* | 4.0±1.4 | 3.2±1.0* | 4.1±1.4 | 3.1±0.9* | 4.1±1.4 | 3.2±1.0* | 3.5±1.1 | 3.8±1.3* |
Baseline characteristics among adults in the lowest and highest quintile categories for each trans–fatty acid level are presented (values for other quintiles are presented in Table S3). Values for continuous variable represent mean±standard deviation; values for categorical variables represent percentage. EPA+DHA indicates eicosapentaenoic acids plus docosahexaenoic acids; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.
P<0.01 for trend across quintile categories are highlighted by asterisk.
Total trans‐18:1 consisted of subtypes including trans‐18:1n6, n7, n8, n9, n10‐12 that were highly inter‐related (pairwise correlations=0.83 to 0.93). Total trans–fatty acids predominantly consisted of trans‐18:1 (r=0.99), findings for total fats were similar to findings for total trans‐18:1 (data not shown).
Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting glucose value ≥126 mg/dL or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent.
Hypertension was defined as systolic and diastolic blood pressures ≥140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive treatment.
Diet factors were assessed 3 years before baseline in year 1989–1990.