Table 1.
Patient and Surgical Characteristics Stratified by Study Intervention Group
| SHAM | RIPC | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and medical history | |||
| Sex, male | 85 (56%) | 79 (53%) | 0.64 |
| Height, cm | 92.5 (66.0 to 123.0) | 86.0 (64.0 to 113.5) | 0.21 |
| Weight, kg | 13.3 (6.6 to 23.5) | 11.1 (6.2 to 19.8) | 0.15 |
| Age at surgery, y | 3.1 (0.6 to 7.8) | 2.2 (0.5 to 5.9) | 0.23 |
| ≤31 days | 11 (7%) | 9 (6%) | |
| >31 days to 1 year | 38 (25%) | 51 (34%) | |
| 1 to 5 years | 52 (34%) | 44 (30%) | |
| >5 years | 50 (33%) | 44 (30%) | |
| Surgery type | |||
| Left heart lesion | 21 (14%) | 17 (12%) | 0.60 |
| Right heart lesion repair | 25 (17%) | 35 (24%) | 0.15 |
| Pulmonary venous anomaly repair | 11 (7%) | 8 (5%) | 0.64 |
| Septal defect repair | 52 (34%) | 53 (36%) | 0.81 |
| Conduit RV to PA | 6 (4%) | 4 (3%) | 0.75 |
| Fontan procedure | 20 (13%) | 11 (7%) | 0.13 |
| Transposition of great arteries repair | 11 (7%) | 13 (9%) | 0.68 |
| Thoracic veins and arteries repair | 4 (3%) | 6 (4%) | 0.54 |
| Miscellaneous | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.00 |
| General operative data | |||
| Aristotle score | 7.2±2.0 | 6.9±2.2 | 0.29 |
| Level I (score 1.5 to 5.9) | 20 (13%) | 30 (20%) | 0.10 |
| Level II (score 6.0 to 7.9) | 63 (42%) | 52 (35%) | 0.24 |
| Level III (score 8.0 to 9.9) | 53 (35%) | 51 (34%) | 0.91 |
| Level IV (score 10 to 15) | 15 (10%) | 15 (10%) | 0.95 |
| Preoperative steroids | 10 (7%) | 7 (5%) | 0.62 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, minutes | 78 (57 to 116) | 90 (59 to 126) | 0.17 |
| Aortic cross‐clamping time, minutes | 58 (27 to 83) | 69 (39 to 102) | 0.07 |
| Multiple cardiopulmonary bypass runs | 24 (16%) | 36 (24%) | 0.08 |
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest | 7 (5%) | 5 (3%) | 0.58 |
| Regional/selective cerebral perfusion | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.00 |
| Induction anesthesia | |||
| Propofol | 40 (27%) | 27 (18%) | 0.10 |
| Fentanyl | 151 (100%) | 148 (100%) | 1.00 |
| Thiopentone | 9 (6%) | 9 (6%) | 1.00 |
| Sevoflurane | 150 (99%) | 144 (97%) | 0.21 |
| Isoflurane | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1.00 |
| Maintenance anesthesia | |||
| Sevoflurane | 147 (97%) | 144 (97%) | 1.00 |
| Isoflurane | 7 (5%) | 6 (4%) | 1.00 |
| Fentanyl | 149 (99%) | 149 (100%) | 0.50 |
| Propofol | 23 (15%) | 21 (14%) | 0.87 |
| Midazolam | 43 (28%) | 35 (24%) | 0.36 |
| Morphine | 74 (49%) | 58 (39%) | 0.10 |
| Diazepam | 4 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 0.68 |
| Thiopentone | 3 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 1.00 |
| Modified ultrafiltration | 91 (60%) | 96 (65%) | 0.47 |
| Propofol on transfer to ICU | 11 (7%) | 13 (9%) | 0.68 |
| Any perioperative propofol exposure | 59 (39%) | 52 (35%) | 0.55 |
| Intra‐ or postoperative milrinone | 103 (68%) | 103 (70%) | 0.80 |
| Intraoperative arrhythmia | 39 (26%) | 44 (30%) | 0.45 |
| Intraoperative cardiorespiratory arrest | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Intraoperative death | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
Median (25th to 75th percentiles), mean±SD. ICU indicates intensive care unit; kg, kilograms; PA, pulmonary artery; RIPC, remote ischemic preconditioning; RV, right ventricle; SHAM, sham stimulus.