Table 4.
Summary of the Association of Lower Extremity Performance Measures With Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality
| Category | Lower Extremity Performance Measure | Cardiovascular Mortality | All‐Cause Mortality | Adjustment for Confounders | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect Estimate* | P Value | Effect Estimate* | P Value | ||||
| Strength tests | Hip extension | HR=5.00 (1.09 to 22.93) | 0.029* | HR=2.0 (0.9 to 4.1) | 0.013* | * and physical activity | 24 |
| Hip flexion | — | 0.073 | — | 0.069* | * and physical activity | 24 | |
| Knee extension | — | 0.184 | HR=2.91 (1.30 to 6.53) | 0.010* | * and physical activity | 24 | |
| — | 0.170 | — | 0.185 | * and physical activity | 21 | ||
| Knee extension power | HR=8.89 (1.86–42.43) | 0.006 | HR=1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) | 0.046 | * and physical activity | 21 | |
| Knee flexion | HR=4.2 (1.12 to 15.79) | 0.042* | HR=2.23 (1.02 to 4.87) | 0.029* | * and physical activity | 24 | |
| Plantar flexion | HR=3.89 (1.07 to 14.1) | 0.006* | HR=3.2 (1.5 to 6.7) | 0.004 | * and physical activity | 21 | |
| Exercise and treadmill tests | Symptom limited treadmill protocol | RR=2.50 (1.43 to 4.17) | <0.001 | RR=2.44 (1.75 to 3.33) | <0.001 | Age | 19 |
| Maximum treadmill distance, 4 km/h | HR=1.67 (1.08 to 2.57) | <0.05 | HR=1.69 (1.21 to 2.27) | <0.05 | Age, gender, ABI, smoking, HTN, systolic blood pressure, comorbidities | 25 | |
| Maximum treadmill distance | RR=1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.012 | NA | Age, diabetes, coronary revascularization, exercise program | 23 | ||
| 6 minute walking distance | — | NA | — | 0.077 | None | 17 | |
| HR=5.59 (1.97 to 15.9) | <0.001 | HR=2.36 (1.33 to 4.18) | 0.001 | * | 22 | ||
| Fast‐paced 4‐m walk | HR=3.7 | 0.014 | HR=1.9 | 0.029 | * | 22 | |
| Normal‐ paced 4‐m walk | — | 0.071 | HR=1.86 (1.06 to 3.29) | 0.021 | * | 22 | |
| Patient‐ reported lower extremity performance | WIQ stair‐climbing score | HR=3.11 (1.30 to 7.47) | 0.04 | HR=1.70 (1.08 to 2.66) | 0.02 | * and physical activity, statins, ACEI | 18 |
| — | NA | RR=1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.023 | None | 17 | ||
| WIQ distance score | — | 0.51 | — | 0.20 | * and physical activity, statins, ACEI | 18 | |
| — | NA | — | 0.55 | None | 17 | ||
| WIQ speed score | — | 0.33 | — | 0.07 | * and physical activity, statins, ACEI | 18 | |
| — | NA | — | 0.132 | None | 17 | ||
Effect estimates for nonsignificant findings are not shown. ABI indicates ankle‐brachial pressure index; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; HTN, hypertension; NA, data not presented; RR, relative risk; WIQ, walking impairment questionnaire; 4‐m, 4‐metre.
*
Represents hazards ratios or risk ratios and 95% CI for the lowest performance quantile compared to the reference group.
*
Results significant for male subgroup only.
*
Results adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, ABI, smoking, comorbidities.