Monetary price |
Participation elasticities range from
−0.002 to −0.69 |
Pacula et al (2001); Pacula Chriqui and King
(2003); DeSimone and Farrelly (2003); Jacobson (2005); van Ours and
Williams (2007); Bretteville-Jensen and Williams (2010) |
Decriminalization |
Mixed results inconclusive |
Johnston, et al., (1981); Chaloupka, Grossman
and Tauras (1999); Chaloupka et al., (1999); DiNardo and Lemieux (2001);
Pacula et al (2003) |
Penalties (fine, jail) |
Mixed results; even significant effects are
small |
Chaloupka Grossman and Tauras (1999); Farrelly
et al., (2001) ; Pacula et al (2003) ; Markowitz and Tauras (2009) |
Police enforcement |
Participation elasticities range 0 to
−0.287 |
Farrelly et al (2001); DeSimone and Farrelly
(2003), Pacula et al (2003) |