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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 29.
Published in final edited form as: Public Health Rev. 2014;35(2):1–18. doi: 10.1007/BF03391701

Table 1.

Findings Related to Impact of Price on Initiation of Marijuana

Economic Variable of Interest Summary Estimates Studies
Monetary price Participation elasticities range from −0.002 to −0.69 Pacula et al (2001); Pacula Chriqui and King (2003); DeSimone and Farrelly (2003); Jacobson (2005); van Ours and Williams (2007); Bretteville-Jensen and Williams (2010)
Decriminalization Mixed results inconclusive Johnston, et al., (1981); Chaloupka, Grossman and Tauras (1999); Chaloupka et al., (1999); DiNardo and Lemieux (2001); Pacula et al (2003)
Penalties (fine, jail) Mixed results; even significant effects are small Chaloupka Grossman and Tauras (1999); Farrelly et al., (2001) ; Pacula et al (2003) ; Markowitz and Tauras (2009)
Police enforcement Participation elasticities range 0 to −0.287 Farrelly et al (2001); DeSimone and Farrelly (2003), Pacula et al (2003)