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Longitudinally monitoring CSF-1 in serum positively correlates with disease activity in two cohorts. Serum or urine CSF-1 at diagnosis of biopsy-proven LN and during therapy in comparison to conventional clinical disease activity measures. CSF-1 was quantified using ELISA. Values are means±SEM. Analysis was done using the Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple comparisons. CRP, C-reactive protein.
