Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the total sample (n=577) and by offspring Major Depression, Anxiety, and Conduct Disorder status.
| Covariate | Total Sample Mean (SD) or % |
Offspring Major Depression |
Offspring Anxiety Disorder |
Offspring Conduct Disorder |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n=499 |
Yes n=78 |
No n=517 |
Yes n=60 |
No n=505 |
Yes n=67 |
|||
| Baseline Maternal Age (yrs) | 22.93 (3.94) | 23.06 (3.96)* | 22.13 (3.78)* | 23.0 (3.98) | 22.37 (3.65) | 22.96 (3.96) | 22.90 (3.84) | |
| Baseline Maternal Race | Caucasian | 45.4 | 43.7** | 56.4** | 44.9 | 50.0 | 45.7 | 43.3 |
| African American | 54.6 | 56.3** | 43.6** | 55.1 | 50.0 | 54.3 | 56.7 | |
| Baseline Prior Births | None | 30.8 | 30.9 | 30.8 | 30.2 | 36.7 | 30.3 | 34.3 |
| 1 | 30.5 | 30.3 | 32.1 | 30.6 | 30.0 | 31.3 | 25.4 | |
| 2+ | 38.6 | 38.9 | 37.2 | 39.3 | 33.3 | 38.4 | 40.3 | |
| Baseline Education (yrs) | 11.82 (1.37) | 11.87 (1.36)** | 11.5 (1.44)** | 11.87 (1.39)** | 11.42 (1.17)** | 11.85 (1.39) | 11.61 (12.7) | |
| Baseline Monthly Family Income | $346 ($293) | $351 ($292) | $312 ($296) | $351 ($293) | $304 ($290) | $350 ($293) | $322 ($279) | |
| Avg. Monthly Family Income throughout study | Low: 0 – $640 | 33.6 | 32.9 | 38.2 | 31.8** | 50.0** | 32.5 | 41.5 |
| Medium: $641 – 1207 | 32.9 | 33.5 | 28.9 | 33.1 | 31.0 | 33.7 | 26.2 | |
| High: $1208+ | 33.4 | 33.5 | 32.9 | 35.1** | 19.0** | 33.7 | 32.3 | |
| Baseline Maternal Employment | Employed or in School | 26 | 27.1* | 19.2* | 73.9 | 75.0 | 26.7 | 19.4 |
| Unemployed | 74 | 72.9* | 80.8* | 26.1 | 25.0 | 73.3 | 80.6 | |
| Pregnancy Complications | No | 36.4 | 36.1 | 38.5 | 37.5* | 26.7* | 36.6 | 35.8 |
| Yes | 63.6 | 63.9 | 61.5 | 62.5* | 73.3* | 63.4 | 64.2 | |
| Labor Complications | No | 56 | 55.6 | 59 | 56.7 | 50.8 | 55.8 | 59.7 |
| Yes | 43.8 | 44.4 | 41 | 43.3 | 49.2 | 44.2 | 40.3 | |
| Delivery Complications | No | 18.7 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 13.3 | 17.4** | 26.9** |
| Yes | 81.3 | 81.4 | 80.8 | 80.7 | 86.7 | 82.6** | 73.1** | |
| Offspring Gender | Male | 47.5 | 51.3**** | 23.1**** | 50.9**** | 18.3**** | 45.7** | 59.7** |
| Female | 52.5 | 48.7**** | 76.9**** | 49.1**** | 81.7**** | 54.3** | 40.3** | |
| Lives with Mother throughout study | Consistently | 81.1 | 80.6 | 84.6 | 80.9 | 83.3 | 81.4 | 77.6 |
| Inconsistently | 18.9 | 19.4 | 15.4 | 19.1 | 16.7 | 18.6 | 22.4 | |
| Avg. Prenatal Alcohol (avg. drinks/day) | .29 (.84) | .28 (.87) | .34 (.55) | .28 (.87) | .32 (.47) | .27 (.86) | .42 (.61) | |
| Prenatal Alcohol | None | 31.54 | 31.81* | 29.85* | 31.40 | 32.69 | 31.91 | 27.27 |
| 1st Trimester only | 27.59 | 27.95* | 25.37* | 27.44 | 28.85 | 27.90 | 27.27 | |
| 1st and 2nd Trimester | 17.63 | 16.63* | 23.88* | 17.44 | 19.23 | 17.49 | 18.18 | |
| All Trimesters | 23.24 | 23.61* | 20.90* | 23.72 | 19.23 | 22.70 | 27.27 | |
| Avg. Postnatal Alcohol (drinks/day) | .74 (1.22) | .68 (1.08)*** | 1.1 (1.91)*** | .73 (1.14) | .78 (1.77) | .71 (1.11) | .96 (1.85) | |
| Avg. Later Alcohol (drinks/day) | .97 (1.47) | .95 (1.49) | .97 (1.47) | .94 (1.48) | 1.23 (1.41) | .91 (1.35) | 1.46 (2.18) | |
| Avg. Prenatal Marijuana (joints/day) | .25 (.67) | .24 (.62) | .32 (.9) | .23 (.6) | .45 (1.8) | .25 (.69) | .22 (.48) | |
| Prenatal Marijuana | None | 56.95 | 56.64 | 59.09 | 56.75 | 58.82 | 56.89 | 57.89 |
| 1st Trimester only | 18.15 | 18.58 | 15.15 | 18.63 | 13.73 | 17.94 | 17.54 | |
| 1st and 2nd Trimester | 6.56 | 6.86 | 4.55 | 6.64 | 5.88 | 5.91 | 12.28 | |
| All Trimesters | 18.34 | 17.92 | 21.21 | 17.99 | 21.57 | 19.26 | 12.28 | |
| Avg. Postnatal Marijuana (joints/day) | .38 (.91) | .37 (.89) | .48 (1.03) | .37 (.88) | .53 (1.12) | .38 (.91) | .43(.91) | |
| Avg. Later Marijuana (joints/day) | .16 (.51) | .16 (.52) | .18 (.48) | .15 (.51) | .25 (.52) | .15 (.48)* | .26 (.72)* | |
| Prenatal Drugs | None | 89.96 | 89.41 | 93.51 | 89.63 | 92.98 | 90.12 | 89.55 |
| 1st Trimester only | 7.92 | 8.55 | 3.90 | 8.22 | 5.26 | 7.46 | 10.45 | |
| 1st and 2nd Trimester | 1.58 | 1.43 | 2.60 | 1.57 | 1.75 | 1.81 | 0.00 | |
| All Trimesters | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.00 | |
| Postnatal Drugs | None | 80.6 | 80.6 | 80.9 | 81.1 | 76.8 | 80.7 | 79.4 |
| Any | 19.4 | 19.4 | 19.1 | 18.9 | 23.2 | 19.3 | 20.6 | |
| Later Drugs | None | 71.2 | 71.1 | 71.8 | 71.0 | 73.3 | 72.1 | 64.2 |
| Any | 28.8 | 28.9 | 28.2 | 29.0 | 26.7 | 27.9 | 35.8 | |
| Avg. Prenatal Tobacco | <1 per day | 47.3 | 47.9 | 43.6 | 48.4 | 38.3 | 48.1 | 40.3 |
| 1–19 daily | 37.3 | 37.5 | 35.9 | 36.9 | 40.0 | 36.6 | 44.8 | |
| 20+ daily | 15.4 | 14.6 | 20.5 | 14.7 | 21.7 | 15.2 | 14.9 | |
| Avg. Postnatal Tobacco | <1 per day | 38.4 | 39.0 | 33.8 | 39.1 | 32.1 | 39.3 | 28.6 |
| 1–19 daily | 32.0 | 32.4 | 29.4 | 32.4 | 28.6 | 30.8 | 42.9 | |
| 20+ daily | 29.6 | 28.6 | 36.8 | 28.5 | 39.3 | 29.9 | 28.6 | |
| Pre- and Postnatal Depression Trajectory | Low | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 12.5 |
| High | 83.5 | 83.5 | 83.0 | 83.5 | 83.0 | 83.0 | 87.5 | |
| Pre- and Postnatal Anxiety Trajectory | Low | 12.0 | 11.4 | 17.0 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 15.6 |
| Medium | 52.6 | 53.2 | 47.2 | 52.6 | 52.8 | 52.5 | 51.6 | |
| High | 35.4 | 35.3 | 35.8 | 35.3 | 35.8 | 35.9 | 32.8 | |
| Average Maternal Depression | 18.98 (9.34) | 18.59*** (9.27) | 21.53*** (9.45) | 18.79 (9.29) | 20.7 (9.65) | 18.73* (9.25) | 21.0* (10.0) | |
| Average Maternal Anxiety | 16.65 (4.61) | 16.45** (4.54) | 18.01** (4.87) | 16.56 (4.58) | 17.46 (4.78) | 16.61 (4.58) | 17.16 (4.89) | |
Note. Prenatal = 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters; postnatal= 8 months and 18 months post-delivery; later=3–16 years post-delivery. Drugs refers to all illicit substances (e.g. heroin, cocaine, etc.) except marijuana, which was measured separately. Statistical comparisons are made within diagnostic categories. Average maternal depression and anxiety is the average of the age 14 and 16 year assessments.
*
p<.1.
**
p<.05.
***
p<.01.
****
p<.001.