Table 3.

Summary of policies undertaken by the City of Houston to control HAPs during the White Administration from 2004 to 2009, adapted from Bruhl et al.²⁹

	PHASE 1 (JAN 2004 – AUG 2005) EXPANDING LOCAL ENFORCEMENT CAPABILITIES	PHASE 2 (SEPT 2005 – JULY 2006) MOVING BEYOND ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY	PHASE 3 (AUG 2006 – AUG 2008) ALTERNATIVE ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE STRATEGIES
Primary Policy Approaches	Regulatory – gaining enforcement authority and using it to negotiate emission reduction agreements	Evidentiary – enhancing monitoring and investigative capacity; priority setting	Persuasive followed by Regulatory – appealing for voluntary cooperation, then invoking the municipal code and intervening to strengthen emission permits
Secondary Policy Approaches	Persuasive and Evidentiary – disclosing information to the public and media; moral suasion	Persuasive – disclosing information to the public and media	Evidentiary – enhancing monitoring and data collection; data used as evidence for enforcement