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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 5;0:259–267. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.015

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Middle ear innate immunity. The middle ear is lined by epithelial cells, which can provide protection by secreting antimicrobial molecules, or through toll-like receptors (TLRs). The middle ear also possesses innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells providing defense against intruding pathogens.