Table 4.
Competing risks Cox regression model of common causes of death among older (≥50 years) VA patients with opioid use disorders, FY2000–2011
| Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accidental drug-related | Suicide | Accidental injury | Liver-related | Cardiovascular | Cancera | |
| Age at cohort entry | 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) |
| Male sex | 0.86 (0.53, 1.37) | 1.23 (0.45, 3.34) | 2.20 (0.54, 8.98) | 3.09 (1.38, 6.90) | 1.80 (1.18, 2.74) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.05) |
| Race | ||||||
| Caucasian | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| African American | 0.67 (0.54, 0.81) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.26) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.76) | 0.68 (0.58, 0.78) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) |
| Other | 0.52 (0.34, 0.80) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.75) | 0.30 (0.13, 0.68) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.81) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.84) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Hispanic | 1.31 (0.96, 1.80) | 0.28 (0.09, 0.89) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.41) | 1.80 (1.47, 2.19) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) |
| Unknown | 3.63 (2.90, 4.55) | 2.70 (1.75, 4.18) | 4.04 (2.83, 5.78) | 2.72 (2.26, 3.27) | 2.94 (2.58, 3.34) | 2.34 (2.02, 2.71) |
| Charlson index ≥1 | 1.24 (1.03, 1.49) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.13) | 1.37 (1.01, 1.87) | 1.89 (1.63, 2.19) | 2.18 (1.96, 2.43) | 2.00 (1.79, 2.24) |
| HIV infection | 1.12 (0.71, 1.77) | 0.56 (0.08, 4.05) | 0.60 (0.19, 1.91) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.20) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.29) |
| Hepatitis C infection | 1.59 (1.31, 1.92) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.32 (0.93, 1.87) | 3.58 (3.11, 4.12) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) | 1.44 (1.27, 1.63) |
| Chronic pain | 1.07 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.34 (0.93, 1.91) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.81) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.23) | 1.49 (1.06, 2.09) | 1.69 (1.46, 1.96) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) |
| Non-opioid drug use disorder | 1.45 (1.19, 1.76) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.09) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.51) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) |
| Mood disorder | 1.15 (0.95, 1.38) | 1.62 (1.13, 2.32) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.28) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.66) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) |
| Other anxiety disorder | 1.44 (1.16, 1.79) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.69) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.29) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 1.22 (1.06, 1.40) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.06) |
| Schizophrenia | 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) | 0.84 (0.41, 1.72) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.32) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.06) | 1.18 (0.99, 1.40) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.38) |
Causes of death are mutually exclusive.
a
Not including liver cancer deaths, which are counted under liver-related deaths.