Table 1.

Summary of reported effects of caffeine on Pavlovian conditioning in mice and rats.

Effects of caffeine on Pavlovian conditioning in mice and rats
Paradigm	Species	Drug regime	Dosage	Effects	References
Inhibitory/ passive avoidance	Mouse	30 min pre-training	1, 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg	10-100 mg/kg impaired retention	Angelucci et al. 1999
			5,10, 20, 40 mg/kg	40 mg/kg impairs retention	Gulick and Gould 2009
			20 mg/kg	Impaired retention	Sanday et al. 2013
		60 min pre-training	12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg	50 and 100 mg/kg impaired retention	Zarrindast et al. 1994
	Rat	45 min pre-training	1, 2, 20 mg/kg	20 mg/kg impaired retention	Dall'Olio et al. 1978
	Mouse	Immediately post-training	0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg	Enhanced retention	Cestari et al. 1996
			1, 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg	1-30 mg/kg enhanced retention	Angelucci et al, 1999
			0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg	0.3 mg/kg enhanced retention	Kopf et al. 1999
		180 min post-training	0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg	No effect
	Mouse	30 min pre-test	1, 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg	3-10 mg/kg enhanced retention	Angelucci et al. 1999
			20 mg/kg	No effect	Sanday et al. 2013
	Mouse	30 min pre-training and pretest	40 mg/kg	40 mg/kg impairs retention	Gulick and Gould 2009
			1, 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/kg	3-100 mg/kg impaired retention	Angelucci et al. 1999
			20 mg/kg	No effect	Sanday et al. 2013
	Rat	45 min pre-training and pretest	20 mg/kg	Impaired retention	Dall'Olio et al. 1978
	Mouse	Added to drinking water in home cage for 7 days	0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 g/l	No effect	de Oliveira et al. 2005
	Rat	Added to drinking water in home cage for 30 days	1 g/l	Enhanced retention in 12 months but not 3 months old animals	Sallaberry et al. 2013
Active avoidance	Mouse	Immediately pre-training	5, 10, 20 mg/kg	5-20 mg/kg enhanced learning	Oka et al. 1980
		Pre-training	2.5, 5, 10 mg	10 mg/kg impaired learning	Sansone et al. 1994
	Rat	5 min pre-training	10 mg	Enhanced learning	Bakshi et al. 1995
		15 min pre-training	75 mg/kg		Shen et al. 1990
		60 min pre-training	40 mg/kg		Petkov and Rousseva 1984
		15 min pre-training	120 mg/kg	Impaired learning	Shen et al. 1990
	Rat	Immediately post-training	20 mg/kg	Enhanced long-term retention	Yonkov et al. 1984
Conditioned Freezing	Rat	15 min preconditioning	10, 20, 30 mg/kg	20 and 30 mg/kg impaired context conditioning	Corodimas et al. 2000
		15 min pre-test	30 m/kg	Impaired context conditioning
		15 min preconditioning and pre-test	30 mg/kg	Impaired context conditioning
		Subcutaneously implanted caffeine pellets for 7 days	5, 10, 25 mg/kg per animal	No effect