Table 1.

Glycogen-synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Group	Age	n	MMSE score	GSK-3β (ng/mg protein)
Control	68 ± 3	12	28.4 ± 0.3	14.3 ± 2.2
MCI	71 ± 1 ns	57	27.0 ± 0.4 ns	9.0 ± 0.5*
AD	76 ± 1*	44	18.6 ± 1**	10.2 ± 0.9 ns
Depression	68 ± 2 ns	25	28.0 ± 0.2 ns	11.0 ± 1.1 ns

PBMC were isolated from EDTA blood of healthy subjects, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or with depression. The mini mental score (MMSE) was significantly lower in AD patients. Values are given as mean ± SEM; n = number of subjects; statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with a subsequent Fisher-PLSD posthoc test.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.001; ns not significant.