Table 1.
Baseline Age, Physical Performance, and Body Composition Characteristics of Study Populations
| Total (n = 377) | Control (n = 168) | Active (n = 209) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 71.7±6.8 | 71.9±6.8 | 71.6±6.8 | .734 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9±4.9 | 25.9±5.0 | 25.9±4.8 | .954 |
| SPPB score | 10.5±1.7 | 10.6±1.6 | 10.5±1.7 | .629 |
| Baseline GS (kg) | 19.9±6.4 | 20.1±6.8 | 19.7±6.1 | .570 |
| Baseline GS/BMI (kg/kg/m2) | 0.8±0.3 | 0.8±0.3 | 0.8±0.3 | .623 |
| Baseline ALM (kg) | 15.6±2.3 | 15.5±2.4 | 15.7±2.2 | .452 |
| Baseline ALM/BMI (kg/kg/m2) | 0.6±0.1 | 0.6±0.1 | 0.6±0.1 | .315 |
| Baseline leg power (Watts) | 217±76 | 209±72 | 225±79 | .110 |
| Baseline gait speed (m/s) | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | .163 |
| Absolute change in | ||||
| SPPB | 0.3±1.7 | 0.2±1.9 | 0.4±1.5 | .187 |
| Grip strength (kg) | −0.2±4.2 | −0.2±4.1 | −0.3±4.3 | .849 |
| GS/BMI (kg/kg/m2) | −0.1±0.2 | −0.1±0.2 | −0.1±0.2 | .885 |
| ALM (kg) | −0.0±0.6 | −0.1±0.6 | 0.0±0.7 | .075 |
| ALM/BMI (kg/kg/m2) | 0.0±0.2 | 0.0±0.3 | −0.0±0.1 | .187 |
| Leg power (Watts) | −20.1±49.5 | −17.1±47.6 | −22.9±51.3 | .364 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | −0.0±0.1 | −0.0±0.1 | −0.0±0.2 | .149 |
Notes: Mean ± SD; ALM = appendicular lean mass; BMI = body mass index; GS = grip strength; SPPB score = short physical performance battery score. Categories are distinguished by weakness at baseline (defined by GS < 16kg) and low ALM < 15.02 kg, and low lean mass by ALMBMI < 0.512. p value indicates differences between active treatment and placebo groups. Active group included the following interventions: 50mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) + chair aerobics/chair yoga; 1.2g fish oil; lower extremity progressive resistance training; 0.25mg 17-beta estradiol. Control groups received the following interventions: placebo for DHEA + chair aerobics/chair yoga, 1.2g olive oil, upper extremity nonprogressive resistance exercise, and placebo for estradiol. All participants (active and control) received calcium and vitamin D supplementation.