Table 4.
Examples for attachment parameters measured parallel to the substrate according to different authors (whole animal, on smooth substrates at water level and terrestrial environment, respectively).
| taxon | attachment device | substrate | attachment force [N] | tenacity [kPa] | force/body mass | ref. |
|
Gekko gecko (Gekkonidae, Reptilia) |
adhesive pad (dry) | glass | 17 | ≈17 | [29] | |
| PMMA | 27 | ≈27 | ||||
|
Gekko gecko (Gekkonidae, Reptilia) |
adhesive pad (submerged) | glass | 5 | ≈5 | [29] | |
| PMMA | 24 | ≈24 | ||||
|
Staurois guttatus (Ranidae, Amphibia) |
adhesive pads (dry) | polyethylene | 1165 (whole animal) |
3.0 (pads) | 43 | [30] |
|
Staurois guttatus (Ranida, Amphibia) |
adhesive pads (submerged) | polyethylene | 42 (whole animal) |
0.1 (pads) | 1.5 | [30] |
|
Chthamalus fragilis (Cirripedia, Crustcea) (ca. 8 mg) |
glue | polystyrene | 0.11 | 105 | [31] | |
|
Patella vulgata (Patellidae, Gastropoda) |
glue, sucker | glass | 50 | 50 | [32] | |
|
Simulium vittatum (Simuliidae, Insecta) (ca. 6 mm long) |
circlet of hooks, secretion | wire | 0.012 | [33] | ||