Table 3.
Means and standard deviations (parenthesis) of COM-toe distance, joint angles, or segmental orientations of the lower extremity joints and thorax in the sagittal plane at the initial and final positions between functional reach and up-and-reach tasks for young and older adults
| Young adults | Old adults | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR | UR | FR | UR | |
| Initial position | ||||
| COM-toe distance/height | ||||
| Anterior-posterior direction** a | −0.0151 (0.0156) | −0.0005 (0.0159) | −0.0125 (0.0116) | 0.0005 (0.0160) |
| Vertical direction | 0.5444 (0.0079) | 0.5434 (0.0110) | 0.5444 (0.0082) | 0.5358 (0.0270) |
| Joint angles and segmental orientations (degree) | ||||
| Thorax flexion**b | −1.03 (6.80) | 8.41 (26.52) | −0.45 (5.61) | 5.38 (11.67) |
| Hip flexion** | 1.04 (6.63) | 4.33 (13.09) | 0.79 (10.62) | 15.01 (38.55) |
| Knee flexion | 0.84 (5.35) | 3.57 (9.11) | 1.24 (8.56) | 3.91 (18.21) |
| Ankle dorsiflexion** | 8.29 (3.35) | 10.64 (3.35) | 9.02 (4.27) | 10.18 (5.40) |
| Final position | ||||
| COM-toe distance/height | ||||
| Anterior-posterior direction* | 0.0669 (0.0148) | 0.0640 (0.0155) | 0.0530 (0.0202) | 0.0517 (0.0193) |
| Vertical direction | 0.4960 (0.0276) | 0.5009 (0.0315) | 0.4874 (0.0305) | 0.4966 (0.0349) |
| Joint angles and segmental orientations (degree) | ||||
| Thorax flexion** | 41.12 (12.67) | 37.24 (19.35) | 43.66 (18.00) | 31.60 (20.34) |
| Hip flexion | 32.21 (16.50) | 32.34 (19.42) | 39.45 (23.51) | 36.39 (24.39) |
| Knee extension | 0.88 (5.76) | 7.39 (24.31) | 0.68 (10.10) | 1.12 (12.37) |
| Ankle dorsiflexion** | 2.38 (4.85) | 4.20 (5.58) | 1.69 (5.40) | 2.56 (6.48) |
aNegative value indicates that the COM is posterior to the toe
bNegative value indicates that the thorax is in an extended position
*p < 0.05 for age main effect; **p < 0.05 for task main effect