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. 2014 Oct 17;38(1):260–271. doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-0029-5

Table 1.

Immunomodulating Effects of Melanocortins

Regulation Class Specific molecules References
Downregulation Proinflammatory

IL-1,

IL-6,

TNF-α

[35, 36]

[37, 38]

[35, 3739]

Downregulation Immunomodulatory

IL-2,

IL-4,

IL-13,

IFN-γ,

IL-17

[40]

[16, 41, 42]

[16, 43]

[42]

[44]

Downregulation Co-stimulatory receptors

CD40,

CD86 (CD27)

[45]

[46]

Downregulation Antigen presentation

MHC class I,

CD1a

[46]

[47]

Downregulation Adhesion molecules

ICAM-1,

VCAM-1,

E-selectin

[48, 49]
Downregulation Effectors

Nitric oxide,

Prostaglandin E,

Reactive oxygen intermediates,

Myeloperoxidase,

MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13

[50, 51]

[52, 53]

[38, 54]

[43]

[37, 55]

Downregulation Chemokines/growth factors

IL-8/IL-8R

CCL2,

CXCL1

[37, 38, 43]

[56]

[56]

Downregulation Innate signaling mechanisms

TLR4

CD14

[57]

[58]

Upregulation Immunomodulatory

IL-10,

TGF-β,

LAP

[29, 59]

[60]

[60]

Upregulation Protective mechanisms

Superoxide dismutase 2,

heme oxygenase 1,

Bcl-2

Bcl-xL

[61]

[61]

[53, 62]

[63]