Skip to main content
. 2014 Dec 31;4(Suppl 2):483–491. doi: 10.5681/apb.2014.072

Table 2. Methods to determine lyotropic properties of bolaamphiphiles.

Physico-chemical methods Interfacial behavior

  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

  • Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)

  • FT-Infrared spectroscopy

  • UV–visible spectroscopy

  • 1H-NMR spectroscopy

  • Rheological measurements

  • Dynamic light scattering (DLS)

  • X-ray scattering (XRS)

  • Small angle neutron scattering (SANS)

  • Optical microscopy

  • Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)

  • Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM)

  • Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM)

  • Surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms

  • Brewster angle microscopy (BAM)

  • Fluorescence microscopy

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

  • Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)

  • Epi-fluorescence spectroscopy

  • X-ray diffraction (XRD)

  • Photoelectron spectra (XPS) measurements