Immunoblot of KIM-1 expression (A) and its relationship with TMAO levels (B) in mouse kidneys after 6 week feeding of chow (0.08% choline), TMAO (0.12%), and Choline (1.0%) diets. Also shown are plasma cystatin C levels (C) after 16 week feeding of chow, TMAO (0.12%), and Choline (1.0%) diets. **P<0.01 vs. chow fed, n≥5 mice per group.