Table 1.

Study and Barriers Identified

Study	Date	Barriers
Sullins A, Richard A, Manasco K, Phillips M, Gomez T. Which Comes First, CPOE or eMAR? A Retrospective Analysis of Health Information Technology Implementation [7]	2012	• Complexity of the medication • High levels of training required • Process changes • Can take years to realize decrease in error • Efficacy – no universal definition of medication error which makes studies difficult to compare
Radley D, Wasserman M, Olsho L, Shoemaker S, Spranca M, Bradshaw B. Reduction in medication errors in hospitals due to adoption of computerized provider order entry systems [14]	2013	• No universal CPOE solution • Level of adoption / variance • Efficacy – no universal definition of medication error which makes studies difficult to compare
Dow J, Brummond P, Cesarz J, Ludwig B, Rough S. Evaluation of the Impact of Computerized Prescriber Order Entry on Medication Use System Performance at an Academic Medical Center [8]	2012	• High levels of training required • Process changes
Yu F, Menachemi N, Berner E, Allison J, Weissman N, Houston T. Full Implementation of Computerized Physician Order Entry and Medication-Related Quality Outcomes: a study of 3364 hospitals [15]	2009	• No universal CPOE solution • CPOE is complex
Longhurst C, Parast L, Sharek P, et al. Decrease in hospital-wide mortality rate after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system [16]	2010	• Cost
Kazley A, Diana M. Hospital Computerized Provider order entry adoption and quality: an examination of the United States [9]	2011	• Cost • Process changes • Resistance of clinicians due to the perception of loss of autonomy
Ballard DJ, Ogola G, Fleming NS, Heck D, Gunderson J, Mehta R, Khetan R, Kerr JD. The Impact of Standardized Order Sets on Quality and Financial Outcomes [10]	2008	• Level of adoption/variance of order sets between organizations • Process changes • High levels of training required • CPOE is complex
Joy A, Davis J, Cardona J. Effect of Computerized Provider Order Entry on Rate of Medication Errors in a Community Hospital Setting [11]	2012	• Process changes • High levels of training required
Galanter W, Falck S, Burns M, Laragh M, Lambert B. Indication-based prescribing prevents wrong-patient medication errors in computerized provider order entry (CPOE) [12]	2013	• Poor user interface • Process changes
Zhan C, Hicks R, Blanchette C, Keyes M, Cousins D. Potential benefits and problems with computerized prescriber order entry: analysis of a voluntary medication error-reporting database [13]	2006	• CPOE eliminates some error, but introduces new error • Poor user interface • Process changes • Legal concerns • Lack of adequate staffing • Successful implementation requires strong leadership endorsement • Efficacy – no universal definition of medication error which makes studies difficult to compare