Table 1.
Effectiveness of disinfectant solutions to deactivate pathogen infectivity as measured through experiments on tomato plants against Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection
| Disinfectant a | PepMV b | PSTVd c | ToMV c | TMV c | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-10 sec | 30 sec | 60 sec | 0-10 sec | 30 sec | 60 sec | 0-10 sec | 30 sec | 60 sec | 0-10 sec | 30 sec | 60 sec | |
| POS | 3 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 3 | 2 2 3 | 2 2 3 | 2 2 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| GG | 2 3 3 - | 3 3 3 - | 3 3 3 - | 1 2 2 | 0 1 2 | 1 1 3 | 2 3 2 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| BS | 2 3 3 - | 3 3 3 - | 3 2 3 - | 1 2 2 | 1 2 3 | 0 1 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| GS | 3 2 3 - | 3 3 3 - | 3 1 3 - | 0 0 1 | 0 1 2 | 1 0 2 | 2 1 3 | 3 1 3 | 3 1 3 | 3 2 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| VOR | 1 3 3 - | 2 3 3 - | 2 3 3 - | 1 3 - | 0 3 - | 2 0 - | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 2 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| SD | 3 3 3 - | 3 2 3 - | 3 2 3 - | 0 3 3 | 1 2 3 | 1 3 1 | 3 2 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 2 | 3 2 3 | 3 1 3 | 3 3 3 |
| DOG-0.1 | 2 3 3 - | 3 3 3 - | 3 2 3 - | 2 2 - | 2 3 - | 1 2 - | 2 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| DOG-0.2 | 2 1 3 - | 3 2 3 - | 3 1 3 - | 1 3 - | 1 3 - | 3 2 - | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| KG | 2 3 3 - | 2 3 3 - | 1 2 3 - | 1 2 - | 1 1 - | 1 2 - | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 2 3 |
| MF | 2 1 3 2 | 0 3 2 3 | 2 2 3 1 | 0 2 - | 2 1 - | 1 1 - | 0 0 1 | 0 1 2 | 0 2 3 | 2 2 3 | 3 2 3 | 2 2 2 |
| MTF | 0 2 3 1 | 0 2 3 1 | 2 2 2 1 | 0 0 3 | 0 0 1 | 1 0 0 | 1 0 2 | 0 0 2 | 0 0 2 | 0 1 1 | 0 0 2 | 0 0 3 |
| SO | 2 3 3 3 | 1 1 2 3 | 0 2 3 3 | 0 0 3 | 0 1 0 | 1 1 1 | 1 3 3 | 2 3 3 | 2 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| OCT | 0 2 3 1 | 0 2 1 0 | 0 0 1 0 | 0 0 3 | 0 0 1 | 0 0 1 | 1 3 3 | 2 3 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 2 3 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 3 |
| VS-0.5 | 0 3 1 - | 0 3 2 - | 0 3 2 - | 1 2 - | 2 1 - | 3 2 - | 3 2 1 | 3 3 3 | 3 3 2 | 3 2 3 | 3 1 3 | 3 3 3 |
| TSP | 0 2 0 2 | 0 2 2 3 | 0 2 0 0 | 2 2 - | 2 3 - | 0 3 - | 2 2 1 | 0 2 0 | 2 2 0 | 2 0 2 | 2 0 2 | 3 0 2 |
| LYSOL | 3 3 2 0 | 3 3 0 0 | 3 3 0 0 | 0 0 1 | 0 0 2 | 0 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 1 |
| CLOROX | 1 3 2 0 | 3 2 0 0 | 1 2 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 |
| NFDM | 0 3 0 0 | 0 3 1 0 | 1 3 1 0 | 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 2 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 |
| VS-1.0 | 1 3 0 0 | 2 2 0 0 | 2 1 0 0 | 2 1 0 | 2 1 0 | 2 2 0 | 2 0 0 | 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 3 1 0 | 3 0 2 | 1 0 3 |
| VS-2.0 | 0 3 0 0 | 2 3 0 0 | 1 3 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 |
| NEG | 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 |
aThe designations and application rates for each disinfectant used for these experiments are: POS: Virus or viroid infection only; GG: Greenhouse Guardian (1.1 g/L); BS: BioSide (0.78 mL/L); GS: Green-Shield (5.20 mL/L); VOR: Vortexx (1.95 mL/L); SD: SaniDate (3.82 mL/L); DOG-0.1: DES-O-GERM (1.0 mL/L); DOG-0.2: DES-O-GERM (2.0 mL/L); KG: KleenGrow (4 mL/L); MF: Menno Florades (30 mL/L); MTF: Menno-Ter forte (10 mL/L); SO: StorOx (9.77 mL/L); OCT: Octave (7.81 mL/L); VS-0.5: Virkon S (5 g/L); TSP: Trisodium phosphate (100 mL saturated solution/L); LYSOL: Lysol all-purpose cleaner (500 ml/L); CLOROX: Clorox Regular-Bleach (100 mL/L); NFDM: Nonfat dry milk (200 g/L); VS-1.0: Virkon S (10 g/L); VS-2.0: Virkon S (20 g/L); NEG: Buffer only. Three most effective disinfectants (Clorox, NFDM and VS-2.0) were highlighted with bold letters.
bThere were four independent experiments for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). First two experiments were by cut-inoculation and the last two experiments by rub-inoculation. The count number of infected plants from a total of 3 inoculated plants at each exposure time point (0–10 sec, 30 sec and 60 sec) for each disinfectant is presented. “–” Represents no data available, as that particular disinfectant was not included in that experiment.
c There were three replicated experiments for Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). At each experiment, three tomato seedlings were inoculated with the designated inoculum at each exposure time point (0–10 sec, 30 sec, and 60 sec). Number of plants infected out of the total three inoculated at each time point are shown at each column in the table. Infected plants were determined through symptom observation followed by ELISA for PepMV, ToMV, and TMV and real-time RT-PCR for PSTVd. The count number of infected plants from a total of 3 inoculated plants at each exposure time point (0–10 sec, 30 sec and 60 sec) for each disinfectant is presented. “–” Represents no data available, as that particular disinfectant was not included in that experiment.