. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Oct 7;16(2):155–159. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.08.010

Table 3.

Effect of hospice penetration on end-of-life hospitalization

	Estimates for Hospice penetration^* (per 10% increase)
	Non-hospice Sample N = 505,851				Hospice Sample N = 241,790

Model	Beta	Robust SE	P-value	Marginal effect	Beta	Robust SE	P-value	Marginal effect
Instrumental variable model	−0.136	0.036	<.001	−0.051	−0.164	0.037	<.001	−0.048
Random-effects model	0.029	0.002	<.001	0.011	−0.039	0.003	<.001	−0.011

Instrumented by distance to the closest hospice and all other covariates. The incremental F-statistic for the instrumental variable was 53.58 in the non-hospice sample and 46.92 in the hospice sample.