Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics stratified by electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) status
| Mean ±SD or n (% ) Variable |
True negative (n=4041) |
False negative (n=387) |
False positive (n=208) |
True positive (n=112) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.6± 10.0 | 62.6± 10.3 | 63.7± 9.9 | 65.7± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Women | 2118(52.4) | 235( 60.7) | 121(58.2) | 66(58.9) | 0.004 |
| White | 1643(40.7) | 125(32.3) | 39( 18.8) | 10(8.9) | |
| Americans Chinese | 549(13.6) | 18(4.7) | 57(27.4) | 12(10.7) | <0.001 |
| African American | 953(23.6) | 130( 33.6) | 80(38.5) | 61(54.5) | |
| Hispanic | 896(22.2) | 114(29.5) | 32(15.4) | 29(25.9) | |
| Income | <0.001 | ||||
| <$20K | 866(22.1) | 88(23.7) | 61(31.1) | 38(36.2) | |
| $20–49K | 1399(35.6) | 165(44.4) | 72( 36.7) | 46(43.8) | |
| >$50K | 1662(42.3) | 119(32.0) | 63(32.1) | 21(20) | |
| Education | 0.002 | ||||
| <HS | 646(16.0) | 72(18.7 | 46(22.12 | 32( 28.83 | |
| HS-College | 2595(64.4) | 247(64.16 | 119( 57.21 | 59(53.15 | |
| >College | 791(19.6) | 66( 17.14 | 43( 20.67 | 20(18.02 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6± 4.89 | 29.5± 5.59 | 26.68± 4.66 | 28.22± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1511 (37.4) | 261 (67.4) | 128(61.5) | 93 (83.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.93±19.62 | 138.07± 23.3 | 133.31, 23.98 | 151.49, 26.92 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.2± 9.9 | 75.42± 11.43 | 73.23± 10.91 | 79.52± 12.67 | <0.001 |
| Use of BP lowering drugs | 1277(31.6) | 195(50.5) | 111(53.4) | 68(60.7) | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.42± 35.12 | 194.04± 36.19 | 195.94±36.54 | 195.12± 35.36 | 0.93 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.29± 15.05 | 51.53±15.27 | 51.84±12.46 | 51.99±15.65 | 0.91 |
| Statin use | 584 (14.5) | 55(14.3) | 28(13.5) | 16(14.3) | 0.98 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 418(10.4) | 68(17.6) | 24( 11.6) | 27( 24.1) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD | 1605(42.2) | 166( 46.1) | 78( 39.2) | 42(41.6) | 0.40 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 2095(52.0) | 171(44.4) | 124(59.6) | 60(54.1) | |
| Former | 1458(36.2) | 133(34.6) | 64(30.8) | 29(26.1) | |
| Current | 479(11.9) | 81( 21.0) | 20(9.6) | 22(19.8) | |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 69.43± 6.9 | 66.94± 8.6 | 70.0± 7.4 | 66.7± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| LV mass (gm) | 74.2± 12.7 | 101.8, 14.7 | 78.18, 12.2 | 108.1, 18.2 | <0.001 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 90.7±9.5 | 94.3± 9.7 | 95.1± 9.5 | 95.2±10.1 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal QRS axis | 182( 4.5) | 20( 5.17) | 15( 7.2) | 8(7.1) | 0.18 |
| Any ST/T Abnormalities | 445( 11.0) | 97(25.1) | 56(26.9) | 58(51.8) | <0.001 |
| Major ST/T Abnormalities | 116( 2.9) | 19(4.9) | 20( 9.6) | 32(28.6) | <0.001 |
| Minor ST/T Abnormalities | 392( 9.7) | 94(24.3) | 48( 23.1) | 50(44.6) | <0.001 |
| Any major ECCG abnormality | 258( 6.4) | 42(10.9) | 30( 14.4) | 40(35.7) | <0.001 |
HDL= High density lipoprotein; CVD= Cardiovascular disease; LV= Left ventricle; MRI= Magnetic resonance imaging
ECG-LVH status was defined using left ventricular hypertrophy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-LVH) as the gold standard